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UCA is capable of efficiently identifying CPuORFs likely to be conserved because of the functional importance of their encoded peptides. Furthermore, our data show that the approach in which uORF sequences from multiple species are compared with those of many other species, using ESUCA, is highly effective in comprehensively identifying CPuORFs conserved in various taxonomic ranges.BACKGROUND Emergence of antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern. The relationships between antibiotic use, the gut community composition, normal physiology and metabolism, and individual and public health are still being defined. Shifts in composition of bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) after antibiotic treatment are not well-understood. METHODS This project used next-generation sequencing, custom-built metagenomics pipeline and differential abundance analysis to study the effect of antibiotic monotherapy on resistome and taxonomic composition in the gut of Balb/c mice infected with E. coli via transurethral catheterization to investigate the evolution and emergence of antibiotic resistance. RESULTS There is a longitudinal decrease of gut microbiota diversity after antibiotic treatment. Various ARGs are enriched within the gut microbiota despite an overall reduction of the diversity and total amount of bacteria after antibiotic treatment. Sometimes treatment with a specific class of antibiotics selected for ARGs that resist antibiotics of a completely different class (e.g. treatment of ciprofloxacin or fosfomycin selected for cepA that resists ampicillin). Relative abundance of some MGEs increased substantially after antibiotic treatment (e.g. transposases in the ciprofloxacin group). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic treatment caused a remarkable reduction in diversity of gut bacterial microbiota but enrichment of certain types of ARGs and MGEs. These results demonstrate an emergence of cross-resistance as well as a profound change in the gut resistome following oral treatment of antibiotics.BACKGROUND While sodium is attractive at low and aversive at high concentrations in most studied species, including Caenorhabditis elegans, the molecular mechanisms behind transduction remain poorly understood. Additionally, past studies with C. elegans provide evidence that the nematode's innate behavior can be altered by previous experiences. Here we investigated the molecular aspects of both innate and conditioned responses to salts. Transmembrane channel-like 1 (tmc-1) has been suggested to encode a sodium-sensitive channel required for sodium chemosensation in C. elegans, but its specific role remains unclear. RESULTS We report that TMC-1 is necessary for sodium attraction, but not aversion in the nematode. We show that TMC-1 contributes to the nematode's lithium induced attraction behavior, but not potassium or magnesium attraction thus clarifying the specificity of the response. In addition, we show that sodium conditioned aversion is dependent on TMC-1 and disrupts not only sodium induced attraction, but also lithium. CONCLUSIONS These findings represent the first time a role for TMC-1 has been described in sodium and lithium attraction in vivo, as well as in sodium conditioned aversion. Together this clarifies TMC-1's importance in sodium hedonics and offer molecular insight into salt chemotaxis learning.BACKGROUND Brassica is a very important genus of Brassicaceae, including many important oils, vegetables, forage crops, and ornamental horticultural plants. TLP family genes play important regulatory roles in the growth and development of plants. Therefore, this study used a bioinformatics approach to conduct the systematic comparative genomics analysis of TLP gene family in B. napus and other three important Brassicaceae crops. RESULTS Here, we identified a total of 29 TLP genes from B. napus genome, and they distributed on 16 chromosomes of B. napus. The evolutionary relationship showed that these genes could be divided into six groups from Group A to F. We found that the gene corresponding to Arabidopsis thaliana AT1G43640 was completely lost in B. rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus after whole genome triplication. The gene corresponding to AT1G25280 was retained in all the three species we analysed, belonging to 136 ratios. Our analyses suggested that there was a selective loss of some genes that might be redundant after genome duplication. This study proposed that the TLP genes in B. napus did not directly expansion compared with its diploid parents B. rapa, and B. oleracea. Instead, an indirect expansion of TLP gene family occurred in its two diploid parents. In addition, the study further utilized RNA-seq to detect the expression pattern of TLP genes between different tissues and two subgenomes. CONCLUSIONS This study systematically conducted the comparative analyses of TLP gene family in B. napus, discussed the loss and expansion of genes after genome duplication. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tas4464.html Ubiquitin inhibitor] It provided rich gene resources for exploring the molecular mechanism of TLP gene family. Meanwhile, it provided guidance and reference for the research of other gene families in B. napus.BACKGROUND The non-climacteric 'Yellow' melon (Cucumis melo, inodorus group) is an economically important crop and its quality is mainly determined by the sugar content. Thus, knowledge of sugar metabolism and its related pathways can contribute to the development of new field management and post-harvest practices, making it possible to deliver better quality fruits to consumers. RESULTS The RNA-seq associated with RT-qPCR analyses of four maturation stages were performed to identify important enzymes and pathways that are involved in the ripening profile of non-climacteric 'Yellow' melon fruit focusing on sugar metabolism. We identified 895 genes 10 days after pollination (DAP)-biased and 909 genes 40 DAP-biased. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed (DE) genes revealed that 'hormone signal transduction', 'carbon metabolism', 'sucrose metabolism', 'protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum' and 'spliceosome' were the most differentially regulated processes occurring during melon development.