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The processes through which social support exerts its influence in daily life are not well understood. Arguably, its salutary effects as an environmental variable might be construed as shared effects of personality.<br />To test this possibility, we investigated the unique and shared effects of personality and social support on daily stressor exposure (social conflict, task strain) and on the within-person association of stressor exposure with perceived stress. A community-sample of N=391 adults completed an ambulatory assessment protocol for two 2-day periods with fixed hourly intervals spread across 16hr.<br />Consistent with our preregistered hypotheses, multilevel structural equation models returned that both, personality and perceived social support, predicted daily stressor exposure and moderated within-person effects of daily stressors on perceived stress. In contrast to our hypotheses, received social support had no effect on daily stress processes. When Extraversion, Neuroticism, and social support were added as joint predictors, Neuroticism and Extraversion were related to stressor exposure, and further moderated the within-person link between stressor exposure and stress experience, while perceived social support had an incremental beneficial effect on social conflict exposure and stress appraisal.<br />Social support does not increment the well-established relationships between Neuroticism or Extraversion and stress reactivity.<br />Social support does not increment the well-established relationships between Neuroticism or Extraversion and stress reactivity.<br />Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is a frequently observed negative consequence of modern critical care. Chronic Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription activation impairs muscle size and function and is prominent following mechanical ventilation. We identify pSTAT-3 activation in tibialis anterior of CIM patients, before examining the potential benefits of JAK1/2 inhibition in an experimental model of CIM, where muscle mass and function are impaired. CIM activates complement cascade and increased monocyte infiltration in the soleus muscle, which was ameliorated by JAK1/2 inhibition, leading to reduced muscle degeneration and improved muscle force. Here, we demonstrate that JAK1/2 inhibition augments CIM muscle function through regulation of the complement cascade.<br />Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is frequently observed in response to modern critical care with negative consequences for patient quality of life, morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Janus kinase (JAK)/signal trr corresponded with complement activity, leading to reduced muscle degeneration and augmented muscle function (P less then 0.05). Thus, JAK/STAT inhibition improves soleus function by modulating the complement cascade and muscle monocyte infiltration. Collectively, we demonstrate that JAK/STAT inhibition augments muscle function in CIM.For spinal load and muscle force estimation as well as for numerical model and experimental setup validation, data on human intradiscal pressure are essential. Therefore, the aim of the present meta-analysis was to summarise all in vitro measurements of human intradiscal pressure performed under defined boundary conditions, i.e. without external loading (intrinsic pressure), under axial loading (compression, traction, shear) and under single-planar bending loading (flexion, extension, lateral bending, axial rotation). Data were evaluated based on segmental level and normalised to force and moment. Regression analysis was performed to investigate coefficients of determination and statistical significance of relationships between intradiscal pressure and segmental level for the single loading conditions. 35 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, from which a total of 451 data points were collected for the meta-analysis. High coefficients of determination were found in axial compression (r2 = 0.875) and flexion (r2 = 0.781), while being low for intrinsic pressure (r2 = 0.266) and lateral bending (r2 = 0.385), all showing significant regression fitting (p less then 0.01). Intradiscal pressure decreases from the upper cervical spine to the sacrum in all loading conditions, considering the same amount of loading for all segmental levels, while the intrinsic pressure exhibits a minimum of the regression curve in the mid-thoracic spine. Apart from its potential for numerical and experimental model validation, this dataset may help to understand the load distribution along the human spine.<br />It is unclear whether polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) should be considered an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease.<br />Eighteen untreated early PMR patients and 18 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included. [https://www.selleckchem.com/peptide/bulevirtide-myrcludex-b.html selleck compound] PMR patients received tocilizumab from week 0 to week 12 and glucocorticoids from week 12 to week 24. Leukocytes, neutrophils, platelets, hemoglobin, γ-globulins, IgG, IgA, and IgM were compared between the PMR patients and HCsand before and after tocilizumab treatment in the PMR group.<br />The mean age was 68 ± 7 and 66 ± 11years, and the mean serum C-reactive protein level was 82 ± 16 and 5 ± 2mg/l for PMR patients and HCs, respectively. At inclusion, leukocytes (p &lt; 0.0001), neutrophils (p &lt; 0.0001), and platelets (p &lt; 0.0001) were increased and hemoglobin (p &lt; 0.0001) decreased in the PMR group compared to the HC group. After tocilizumab therapy, leukocytes, neutrophils, and platelets decreased, and hemoglobin increased. At inclusion, all four parameters were significantly associated with the serum IL-6 level, though it was not associated after tocilizumab therapy. Levels of γ-globulin were increased in the PMR patients compared to HCs (p = 0.0087), and PMR patients with γ-globulins levels over 11g/l at inclusion responded more quickly to tocilizumab therapy. Autoantibody profiles did not differ between the PMR patients and HCs.<br />This study suggests that PMR is more an inflammatory disease than an autoimmune disease. Tocilizumab improves all markers of inflammation. Patients with elevated γ-globulins respond more quickly to tocilizumab.<br />This study suggests that PMR is more an inflammatory disease than an autoimmune disease. Tocilizumab improves all markers of inflammation. Patients with elevated γ-globulins respond more quickly to tocilizumab.