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BMI, serum leptin, and serum estrogen were associated with AON severity in male patients but not in female patients. No association of these factors and AON recovery was observed.<br />BMI, serum leptin, and serum estrogen were associated with AON severity in male patients but not in female patients. No association of these factors and AON recovery was observed.<br />Depressive symptoms are experienced by up to 50% of individuals diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, depressive symptoms are sometimes experienced differently for females and males in the general population, but it is unclear if this is true for people with Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS). The current study aimed to investigate whether there are differences between females and males with RRMS in overall depression scores as well as the types of depressive symptoms reported (somatic or cognitive).<br />Demographic and Beck Depression Inventory, 2<br />edition (BDI-II) raw scores for females and males with RRMS were downloaded with permission from the Multiple Sclerosis Outcome Assessments Consortium (MSOAC) Placebo database. A total of 494 individuals (n=354 females) with RRMS were included in analyses. Non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare BDI-II Total Scores, Somatic Scores, and Cognitive Scores between females and males with RRMS.<br />Females reported significantly greater overand track symptom changes longitudinally.<br />Since combining information from different domains could be useful to increase prediction accuracy over and above what can be achieved at the level of single category of markers, this study aimed to identify distinct and predominant subtypes, i.e., cognitive phenotypes, in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) considering both cognitive impairment and mood disorders.<br />A latent class analysis (LCA) was applied on data from 872 PwMS who were tested with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Furthermore, the distribution of demographic (i.e., age, gender, years of education) and clinical characteristics (i.e., disease duration, disease course, disability level) was examined amongst the identified phenotypes.<br />Based on model fit and parsimony criteria, LCA identified four cognitive phenotypes 1) only memory difficulties (n=247; 28.3%); 2) minor memory and language deficits with mood disorders (n=185; 21.2%); 3) moderate memory, language and attention impairments (n=164; 18.8%); 4) severe memory, language, attention, information processing and executive functions difficulties (n=276; 31.7%).<br />Since less is known about the progressive deterioration of cognition in PwMS, a taxonomy of distinct subtypes that consider information from different clustered domains (i.e., cognition and mood) represents both a challenge and opportunity for an advanced understanding of cognitive impairments and development of tailored cognitive treatments in MS.<br />Since less is known about the progressive deterioration of cognition in PwMS, a taxonomy of distinct subtypes that consider information from different clustered domains (i.e., cognition and mood) represents both a challenge and opportunity for an advanced understanding of cognitive impairments and development of tailored cognitive treatments in MS.<br />COVID-19 is speculated to increase the likelihood of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) exacerbation.<br />To investigate the association between contraction of COVID-19 and incidence of acute MS attacks in RRMS patients six months post-infection.<br />This retrospective cohort study compares the risk of relapse in RRMS patients with (n=56) and without COVID-19 (n=69). Incidence of relapse was recorded for six-month following contraction of COVID-19. Incidence of RRMS exacerbation in patients with COVID-19 was compared to patients without COVID-19 (the independent control group) and the same patients six months prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.<br />A lower incidence rate of RRMS exacerbation was observed in patients that contracted COVID-19 than in patients who did not contract COVID-19 (incidence rate ratio 0.275; p=0.026). Self-controlled analysis showed no significant difference in relapse rates before the COVID-19 pandemic and after contracting COVID-19 (p=0.222). The relapse risk was not different between patients who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 severity and those who had not (p=0.710).<br />COVID-19 contraction may not increase the risk of acute MS attacks shortly following contraction. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/debio-0123.html Debio 0123] We hypothesize that COVID-19-associated lymphopenia may partly preclude the autoreactive memory cells from expansion and initiating relapses through a so-called bystander effect of COVID-19 infection.<br />COVID-19 contraction may not increase the risk of acute MS attacks shortly following contraction. We hypothesize that COVID-19-associated lymphopenia may partly preclude the autoreactive memory cells from expansion and initiating relapses through a so-called bystander effect of COVID-19 infection.<br />Previous studies suggested an association between MS and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Data on the prevalence of RLS in Austrian MS patients and on the influence of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) on RLS are lacking.<br />To investigate (1) the prevalence of RLS in Austria compared to control persons (CP), (2) risk factors for RLS in MS, and (3) influence of DMTs on RLS prevalence and/or severity.<br />Adult MS patients and CP were screened for RLS by face-to-face interviews, including questionnaires for RLS severity, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness.<br />23.9% of MS patients (n=117) had RLS compared to 3.4% (p&lt;0.001) of CP (n=119). The MS+RLS group (n=28) had a higher rate of sleep impairment (78.6% vs 21.3%, p&lt;0.001) and excessive daytime sleepiness (32.1% vs 15.7%, p=0.045) compared to the MS-RLS group. Multivariate regression analysis revealed higher Expanded Disability Status Scale and spinal lesions in MRI as risk factors for RLS in MS, while DMTs had no impact on RLS.<br />Roughly a quarter of MS patients suffers from RLS, significantly impacting quality of life by poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness. RLS risk increases with physical disability and spinal lesions but is independent of DMT.<br />Roughly a quarter of MS patients suffers from RLS, significantly impacting quality of life by poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness. RLS risk increases with physical disability and spinal lesions but is independent of DMT.