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Thus, our findings reveal new associations between leprosy and the HLA-DPB1 locus and confirm previous associations between the HLA-C locus and leprosy.The greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is produced in activated sludge tanks as a byproduct of nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification. Insufficient knowledge on how microbiological N2O generation and degradation pathways impact N2O emissions in activated sludge tanks still hampers the development of effective mitigation strategies. Our research contributes to overcome this gap by quantifying N2O emissions through extensive measurement campaigns at ten full-scale wastewater treatment plants and correlating them to relevant operating parameters by multivariate regression analysis. Measurements revealed that N2O production depends mainly on the activity of nitrifying bacteria and is triggered by high ammonium concentrations. In contrast, well-performing heterotrophic denitrification plays a key role as a sink of N2O in activated sludge tanks. Following these patterns, low loaded plants achieving high nitrogen removal (83-92%) exhibited the lowest N2O emission intensity (0.0012 ± 0.001 kg N2O-N emitted per kg TKN in the influent wastewater). The regression analysis corroborated these results by revealing a negative linear correlation between the N2O emission factor and the total nitrogen removal degree of the plants. The regression model represents a novel estimation method that links N2O emissions with plant performance and provides a significant improvement over approaches applying fixed N2O emission factors.Although nitrogen (N) is a limiting factor for food production (FP) in Africa, and African food security is seriously threatened by the phenomenon of soil N depletion, there is a dearth of information that shows the points to focus on throughout the chain of FP and food consumption (FC) in all African countries to minimize N loss while securing food N supply. Food N footprint (NF) is an indicator for tracing the losses of reactive N (Nr) with regard to the FP and FC chain. This is the first study to calculate the food NF for all African countries under fertilized and unfertilized farms, by calculating two sets of virtual N factors (VNFs; kg Nr released to the environment kg-1 N in consumed product) one for unfertilized farms (the unfertilized scenario) and one for fertilized farms (the fertilized scenario). The fertilized and unfertilized VNFs were utilized to calculate a weighted average set of VNFs (the combined scenario). From the percentage of farms that utilize N fertilizer, and the N percentage in produfrica. FP in Africa contributes approximately 70% of the total food NF. Therefore, if possible, the best way for Africans to reduce soil N depletion and N emissions is to encourage the production and consumption of livestock and crops products with less VNF and SNDF. However, African people do not have this luxury of choice because of poverty and ignorance. Therefore, African policy-makers must adopt integrated approaches that provide effective tools to control the production of animals and crops in conjunction with the improvement of NUE. Trying to completely change the African agricultural system is impossible, but strategies must be developed to reduce soil depletion in a gradual way, as well as a shift towards low-VNF foods.The phosphate oxygen isotope (δ18OP) ratio has been proven to be an effective tool to trace the sources and biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus (P) in aquatic ecosystems. However, the enrichment of phosphate (PO4) and the removal of impurities are quite complex and easy to cause PO4 loss in current δ18OP analytical methods. Moreover, the δ18OP value obtained by the commonly-used instantaneous sampling method is more of the instantaneous information of P, which is accidental or uncertain for accurate identification of the P source. In this study, a new method of in situ enrichment, elution, and purification of PO4 (ISEEP) was developed for δ18OP analysis in waters. This method utilized a PO4 binding phase (Zr-Oxide gel) to selectively in situ adsorb PO4 in water and exhibited an adsorption capacity per unit area of up to 789.3 μg P/cm2. The PO4 on the gel was eluted easily with a 1 M NaOH solution. More than 99.7% of the common anions, cations, and dissolved organic matter (DOM), as well as more than 90% of the trace elements were removed synchronously after adsorption and elution of PO4. The recovery rate of PO4 in the whole procedure was as high as 92.8%. The XRD and SEM examinations showed that the ISEEP can obtain high-purity Ag3PO4 solid for the δ18OP measurement. The reliability of the ISEEP method is confirmed by the measured δ18OP value and standard deviation of parallel samples from different types of natural waters obtained by both the ISEEP and the current popular McLaughlin (2004) method. It provides a good prospect of this new method for tracing the P sources and their biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems.<br />In recent years, active surveillance (AS) has gained popularity as a safe and reasonable option for patients with low-risk, clinically localized prostate cancer.<br />To summarize the latest information regarding the use of mpMRI in the setting of active surveillance (AS) for the management of prostate cancer (PCa).<br />A PubMed-based, English literature search was conducted through February 2020. We selected the most relevant original articles, meta-analyses and systematic reviews that could provide important information.<br />The great importance of mpMRI of the prostate in the setting of PCa diagnosis is its ability to visualize primarily high-grade cancerous lesions potentially missed on systematic biopsies. In several studies, mpMRI has shown an improved performance over clinically based models for identifying candidates which will benefit the most from AS. Although data on prostate mpMRI during follow-up of men under AS is sparse, it holds the probability to improve significantly AS programs by a more precise selection of optimal candidates, a more accurate identification of disease progression and a reduction in number of biopsies. The goal of reassessment of patients undergoing AS is to find the most effective moment to change attitude to active treatment.<br />The value of mpMRI has been recognized due to its high negative predictive value (NPV) for lesion upgrading in low-risk PCa patients. The improvement in imaging detection, and precise diagnosis with mpMRI could reduce misclassifications at initial diagnosis and during follow-up, reducing the number of biopsies.<br />The value of mpMRI has been recognized due to its high negative predictive value (NPV) for lesion upgrading in low-risk PCa patients. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mps1-in-6-compound-9-.html Compound 9] The improvement in imaging detection, and precise diagnosis with mpMRI could reduce misclassifications at initial diagnosis and during follow-up, reducing the number of biopsies.