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BACKGROUND Urine test with the PSA result will provide a good prognosis of the prostate cancer. Therefore, considering the importance of PCA3 in this study, we aimed to compare the serum total and urinary PCA3 levels in patients with benign hyperplasia and prostate cancer. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 90 patients referring to Noor and Hazrat-e-Ali Asghar Hospital in Isfahan from October 2017 to October 2018 for prostate biopsy. Patients were divided into two groups including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. Serum total and urinary PCA3 levels were measured and compared in both groups. RESULTS 38 patients with prostate cancer and 52 patients with BPH participated in this study. Mean age in prostate cancer group was significantly higher than BPH group (P=0.01). Also mean PCA3, and total PSA, in patients with prostate cancer was significantly higher than patients with BPH (P less then 0.05). CONCLUSION PCA3 was an important marker in patients with prostate cancer and BPH. AJCEU Copyright © 2020.INTRODUCTION Anatomical variation of accessory renal artery has a great clinical importance especially in surgical operations. This issue might bring different complications during surgeries. The prevalence of these variations have been reported differently among populations. Here in this paper, we aimed to have a study on frequencies of anatomical variation of renal arteries. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 129 patients who were referred to Imam Khomeini hospital-Tehran in order to perform multislice computed tomography angiography using multiple detector computed tomography (MDCT) of kidneys in 2018-2019. Data were assessed by expert radiologists regarding to renal arteries, characteristics of both side arteries, number of accessory arteries and locations of these arteries based on patient's gender. RESULTS Here we reported at least one accessory artery in 15.5 percent of right and 17.1 percent of left kidneys. The diameter of left accessory artery was in 14.3 percent of cases equal to the main artery and in 85.7 percent of cases, smaller. We also showed that all of the right accessory arteries were smaller than the main renal artery. We indicated no significant difference between frequencies of total arteries of right and left kidneys. CONCLUSION There was a large variety of renal accessory arteries with high frequency among our study population. This issue has a great surgical importance especially for urologists and we suggest further studies on larger populations should be performed in order to assess frequency of accessory renal artery in Iranian population. AJCEU Copyright © 2020.Epidural anesthesia is used to improve pain control after major surgeries. Few data describe the impact of epidural use for bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC). Here, we evaluate epidural use on perioperative and long-term outcomes for patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Patients who received radical cystectomy for non-metastatic bladder urothelial carcinoma with epidural (n=1,748) and without epidural (n=6,109) anesthesia from 2002-2014 were identified using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare data. Radical cystectomy outcomes with and without epidural anesthesia were compared using propensity score weighting. Epidural use at time of radical cystectomy was identified in 1,748 (22.2%) of 7,857 patients who met inclusion criteria. After propensity score weighted adjustment, epidural use was associated with increased 30-day readmission (29.6% vs. 26.2%, P less then 0.001), increased median length of stay in days (9.0, IQR 7.0-12.0 vs 8.0, IQR 6.0-12.0, P less then 0.01), and decreased likelihood of being discharged directly to home without need for home health or skilled nursing care (21.6% vs 29.1%, P less then 0.001). Post-operative MI (2.6% vs 1.3%, P less then 0.001) in the first 30 days after radical cystectomy was more common in the epidural group, but perioperative 30-day mortality was similar (3.3% vs 2.9%, P=0.21). Epidural use was not associated with increased cancer specific (HR 0.96, 0.90-1.02, P=0.20) or overall survival (HR 0.99, 0.95-1.04, P=0.73). Epidural use at time of radical cystectomy is associated with increased risk of perioperative complications, hospital readmission, and longer hospitalization without improving disease specific survival. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. AJCEU Copyright © 2020.Defining the cell of origin for prostatic carcinogenesis is fundamentally important for understanding the mechanisms leading to prostate cancer. Lineage tracing studies have demonstrated that luminal epithelial cells are capable of self-replication in multiple organs, including the adult murine prostate, and cell of prostate cancer origin studies have shown that while both the luminal and basal murine prostate epithelial cells are capable of neoplastic transformation, luminal cells are more efficient as the origin of prostate cancer. ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) is an androgen responsive tumor suppressive protein expressed by prostate luminal epithelial cells that is frequently down-regulated in primary prostate tumors. EAF2 knockdown induces prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and mice with Eaf2 deficiency develop epithelial hyperplasia and murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) lesions. Here, we utilized an Eaf2 knockout, PSA-CreERT2 transgenic model crossed with a fluorescent reporter line to show that Eaf2 deficiency induces mPIN lesions derived from the luminal cell lineage. These results suggest that PIN lesions in the Eaf2 knockout mouse were derived from prostate luminal epithelial cells, further suggesting that the prostatic luminal epithelial cell is the major origin of prostate carcinogenesis. AJCEU Copyright © 2020.Our recent studies identifying the presence of luminal secretory protein PSA in the stroma, decreased E-cadherin expression, and reduced number of tight junction kiss points in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues suggest that epithelial barrier permeability is increased in BPH. However, the cause of increased epithelial permeability in BPH is unclear. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been reported to be up-regulated in clinical BPH specimens and TGF-β1 overexpression induced fibrosis and inflammation in a murine model. TGF-β1 was reported to repress the expression of E-cadherin in benign prostatic cells. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bl-918.html buy BL-918] However, whether and how TGF-β1 up-regulation affects epithelial barrier permeability is unknown. Here, in vitro benign prostatic epithelial cell lines BHPrE1 and BPH-1 were utilized to determine the impact of TGF-β1 treatment on epithelial barrier, tight junctions, and expression of E-cadherin and claudin 1 by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement, FITC-dextran trans-well diffusion assays, qPCR, as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. Laser capture micro-dissection (LCM) combined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were utilized to determine the expression of E-cadherin and claudin 1 in BPH patient specimens. TGF-β1 treatment decreased TEER, increased FITC-dextran diffusion, and reduced the mRNA expression of junction protein claudin 1 in cultured cell monolayers. Claudin 1 mRNA but not E-cadherin mRNA was down-regulated in the luminal epithelial cells in BPH nodules compared to normal prostate tissues. Our studies suggest that TGF-β1 could increase the permeability through decreasing the expression of claudin 1 and inhibiting the formation of tight junctions in BHPrE1 and BPH-1 monolayers. These results suggest that TGF-β1 might play an important role in BPH pathogenesis through increasing the permeability of luminal epithelial barrier in the prostate. AJCEU Copyright © 2020.More than 25 years have passed since the discovery of protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase distantly related to SRC family kinases. Since then, a variety of data suggest that PTK6 promotes oncogenic signaling and tumorigenesis, generally dependent on its kinase activity. Increased PTK6 expression, activation at the plasma membrane and altered intracellular localization have been discovered in prostate cancers. While PTK6 is localized to nuclei of epithelial cells in normal prostate, it is relocalized and activated at the plasma membrane in prostate tumors. Active PTK6 interacts with and directly phosphorylates AKT, FAK and BCAR1 to promote oncogenic signaling. Furthermore, PTK6 can enhance the epithelial mesenchymal transition by inhibiting E-cadherin expression and inducing expression of the mesenchymal markers vimentin, SLUG and ZEB1. Several lines of evidence suggest that PTK6 plays a role in Pten null prostate tumors. PTEN targets activating phosphorylation of PTK6 and loss of PTEN subsequently leads to PTK6 activation. Different studies provide compelling evidence as to why PTK6 is a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Here, we briefly review the advances and significance of PTK6 in prostate cancer. AJCEU Copyright © 2020.Hepatitis B reactivation (HBR) is a complication of immunosuppression associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To further complicate interpretation of hepatitis B serologies, false positivity can occur in patients with recent intravenous immunoglobulin exposure. This scenario is not well recognized and may lead to inappropriate prescribing of HBR prophylaxis. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020.Background The American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for infective endocarditis (IE) management recommend end-of-therapy (EOT) echocardiography (ETE) to "establish a new baseline" and based on "expert opinion." Methods Medical records of IE patients treated between January 2005 and December 2011 were reviewed. Utilization of ETE and cumulative incidence of re-treatment with antimicrobials or cardiovascular surgery (re-Rx/CVS) within 1 year after EOT were evaluated. Results A total of 243 patients completed clinical follow-up at EOT and 170 at 1 year after EOT. One hundred seventy-seven of 243 (72.8%) underwent ETE, the majority (51.4%) transthoracic echocardiography. One hundred thirty-three of 177 (75.1%) were without new/worsened signs or symptoms (new/w-SSx). One hundred forty-one of 177 (79.7%) overall and 117/133 (87.9%) patients without new/w-SSx had no new ETE findings as compared with initial echocardiography. Among 36/177 (20.3%) with new ETE findings, 20/36 (55.6%) had new/w-SSx; ETE findings were more likely in patients with new/w-SSx (39.2% vs 8.3%; P  less then  0.001) at EOT. Patients were at increased risk of re-Rx/CVS with either new ETE findings (hazard ratio [HR], 25.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.64-87.56; P  less then  .001) or new/w-SSx (HR, 5.35; 95% CI, 2.87-9.95; P  less then  .001). The highest risk of re-Rx/CVS was in patients with both new/w-SSx and new ETE findings (HR, 45.94; 95% CI, 19.07-110.71). Conversely, only 7/187 (3.4%) patients without new/w-SSx who had an ETE required re-Rx/CVS. Conclusions The majority of patients without new/w-SSx at EOT will not have new ETE findings or need re-Rx/CVS within 1 year after EOT. EOT new/w-SSx is associated with new ETE findings and predicts the need for re-Rx/CVS. Further study is needed to determine whether patients without new/w-SSx need ETE. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.