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ted with use of antibiotic-coated implants. Results are sensitive to the underlying infection risk, with greatest efficacy and cost-savings when the coated implant is used in high risk patients.<br />Analyses demonstrated that infection rates and total costs for in-hospital treatment could be potentially reduced by 75% and up to 15% respectively, by using a gentamicin-coated nail in patients at high risk of infection. Fewer infections, reduced inpatient days and re-operations may be potentially associated with use of antibiotic-coated implants. Results are sensitive to the underlying infection risk, with greatest efficacy and cost-savings when the coated implant is used in high risk patients.Enhancement of fracture healing has been a hot topic over the last two decades. This narrative review article is aimed to provide an update on current clinical use and evidence on four clinically available agents in the treatment of fracture healing bone morphogenetic proteins-2 (BMP-2), parathyroid hormone, statins and sclerostin-antibodies. After first promising results from animal and clinical studies in the early 2000s, BMP-2 was studied mainly in open tibia shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. There are conflicting results from different randomized clinical trials (RCTs) regarding fracture healing time and complications compared to BMP-2 free control treatment in open tibia fractures, as BMP-2 could not show significant differences in patients treated with reamed nails compared to BMP-2 free control treatment with reamed nailing only. Given that fact, its official use was limited in Europe to open tibia shaft fractures treated with unreamed tibial nailing by the European Medical Agency (Ehe effect of sclerostin antibodies on fracture healing have been performed yet. In conclusion, the "magic bullet" for molecular enhancement of fracture healing has not been identified yet, at least not with its optimal dosage and delivery method.<br />Misophonia is a condition marked by dysregulated emotions and behaviors in response to trigger sounds, often chewing, breathing, or coughing. Evidence suggests that misophonia develops in adolescence and the emotions and behaviors are a conditioned response to distress, resulting in social avoidance, stress, and family conflict. In addition, co-occurrence with other psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety, OCD, and Tourette syndrome is common. A transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapeutic (CBT) approach appears appropriate. There are currently no controlled studies of youth with misophonia. The current paper describes the approach to a pilot randomized, blinded family-based treatment study for youth ages 8-16 years. Preliminary results from a pilot open trial also are described.<br />A 2-phase dual site telehealth treatment study using a transdiagnostic CBT approach, the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents (UP-C/A; Ehrenreich-May etal., 2018), is proposed. Phase 1 consisted of a 4-case pilot of UP-C/A. Phase 2 includes a randomized trial comparing the UP-C/A to a standard relaxation and education protocol.<br />Preliminary results from the pilot show modest improvements in evaluator-rated misophonia symptoms on the Clinical Global Impression Severity and Improvement scales.<br />There is little research to inform evidence-based practice for youth with misophonia. Study limitations include lack of standardized misophonia assessment instruments and an absence of formal diagnostic criteria.<br />The current paper describes proposed methods for the first randomized controlled trial for youth with misophonia and their families along with results from a 4-case pilot.<br />The current paper describes proposed methods for the first randomized controlled trial for youth with misophonia and their families along with results from a 4-case pilot.Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a stress-related disorder associated with many cytoarchitectural and neurochemical changes. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/debio-0123.html selleck products] However, the majority of these changes cannot be reliably detected in the living brain. The examination of animal stress models and postmortem human brain tissue has significantly contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD. Ronald Duman's work in humans and in rodent models was critical to the investigation of the contribution of synaptic deficits to MDD and chronic stress pathology, their role in the development and expression of depressive-like behavior, and reversal by novel drugs. Here, we review evidence from magnetic resonance imaging in humans and animals that suggests that corticolimbic alterations are associated with depression symptomatology. We also discuss evidence of cytoarchitectural alterations affecting neurons, astroglia, and synapses in MDD and highlight how similar changes are described in rodent chronic stress models and are linked to the emotion-related behavioral deficits. Finally, we report on the latest approaches developed to measure the synaptic and astroglial alterations in vivo, using positron emission tomography, and how it can inform on the contribution of MDD-associated cytoarchitectural alterations to the symptomatology and the treatment of stress-related disorders.This study investigated the effects of feeding finely ground starter diets containing either 18 or 22% crude protein (CP) content [dry matter (DM) basis] and high or low ratios of rumen-undegradable protein to rumen-degradable protein (RUPRDP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and urinary purine derivatives in dairy calves. A total of 48 three-day-old female Holstein dairy calves with 40.2 ± 2.5 kg of initial body weight (BW) were randomly assigned in a complete randomized block design to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (12 calves/treatment). Treatments were as follows (1) finely ground starter diet (mean particle size = 0.69 mm) with 18% CP and low RUPRDP ratio [low ratio (LR) = 2674; 18CP-LR]; (2) finely ground starter diet with 18% CP and high RUPRDP ratio [high ratio (HR) = 3565; 18CP-HR]; (3) finely ground starter diet with 22% CP and low RUPRDP ratio (22CP-LR); (4) finely ground starter diet with 22% CP and high RUPRDP ratio (22CP-HR) on DM bases.