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Most deaths occurred among elderly individuals who were over 60 in China, Italy, and South Korea. South Korea's data suggest that younger individuals might be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which might be fully under detected in China and Italy.The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in East Asia and spread around the world from December 2019. The most severe stage of COVID-19 pathology is characterized by respiratory distress requiring intubation. In specific cases, tracheostomy is indicated to ensure the safety of the procedure. The aim of our study was to analyze the scientific literature identifying the indications for tracheostomy and safety precautions to reduce contamination. We analyzed the literature from February 2003 to April 2020, including papers on pandemics of other coronaviruses, such As Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, to obtain a variety of relevant information. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jnj-42756493-erdafitinib.html Erdafitinib price] We focused on indications for tracheostomy in patients affected by COVID-19 or related viruses and the measures adopted to perform a safe procedure. We included 35 papers, of which 24 (68.57%) discussed guidelines for tracheostomy indications. All 35 studies discussed the procedures for performing tracheostomy safely. Data obtained indicated that the authors generally agreed on safety measures but expressed different opinions about indications. Therefore, we provided guidelines addressing safety recommendations. After the pandemic has been resolved, we plan to conduct an international retrospective study to identify the criteria for tracheostomy indications.<br />Scientific research is an essential necessity for the prevention and control of COVID-19. Accelerated paper-sharing makes it possible to explore the responses of scientific communities of different countries and their research focus. This is achieved by examining relevant publications during the early stage of the pandemic. This paper explores a timely research assessment on COVID-19 among China, USA, and EU.<br />Papers indexed in PubMed and published from December 30, 2019, to March 11, 2020, were selected. Papers from China, USA, and EU were assessed by calculating the significance of items in the co-occurrence exported from VOSviewer.<br />The results showed that Chinese studies focus more on clinical manifestations, while USA and EU focus on experimental research. Furthermore, US research is more geared toward detection techniques and mathematical models, China focuses more on monitoring the epidemic situation, and EU engages in both.<br />This paper argues that the above distinctions are caused by differences in the stages of epidemic development, researchers' experience bases for formulating measures, traditions within the different medical cultures, and the distinction between "information" and "knowledge".<br />This paper argues that the above distinctions are caused by differences in the stages of epidemic development, researchers' experience bases for formulating measures, traditions within the different medical cultures, and the distinction between "information" and "knowledge".<br />We aimed to study the dynamics of cytokines and lymphocyte subsets and their correlation with the prognosis of patients with severe COVID-19.<br />The lymphocyte subsets and cytokines of 31 patients with severe COVID-19 (7 deaths and 24 survivals) were longitudinally analyzed.<br />The mean age of enrolled patients was 64 years, 24 (77.4%) patients were men, and 23 (74.2%) patients had comorbidities. Compared with survival group, the death group showed significant and sustained increases in the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 from baseline to 28 days after admission (all p&lt;0.05). No significant differences were observed in the levels of TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12P70, IL-17, IFN-α, and IFN-γ between the death group and survival group during the follow-up (all p&gt;0.05). The absolute counts of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD45+ T cells were lower in both survival group and death group patients from hospital admission to 3 days after admission, and gradually recovered in 4 to 35 days in the survival group, but continually stayed at low levels in the death group during the follow-up.<br />The kinetic changes of cytokines and lymphocyte subsets are related with the prognosis of patients with severe COVID-19.<br />The kinetic changes of cytokines and lymphocyte subsets are related with the prognosis of patients with severe COVID-19.Since December 2019, an outbreak of a new coronavirus, COVID-19, infection has been taking place. At present, COVID-19 has spread to most countries worldwide. The latest evidence suggests that cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) is an important cause of the transition from mild to critical pneumonia and critically ill patients' death. The sudden exacerbation of COVID-19 may be related to a cytokine storm. Therefore, early identification and active treatment of CSS may play very important roles in improving the patients' prognosis, and these tasks are given attention in the current treatment of new Coronavirus pneumonia. However, there is still no specific medicine for this purpose. This article reviews cytokine storms and conducts an exploratory review of pharmacotherapy for cytokine storms to provide a reference for clinical treatment.<br />The present study aimed to explore the transmission pattern and the incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as the clinical characteristics of infants with COVID-19 to provide a scientific basis for introducing further measures to reduce the infection rate and control the pandemic.<br />A descriptive epidemiological study of 18 patients with COVID-19 in People's Hospital of Deyuan was carried out. Among these patients, 16 cases were connected with clusters (11 family-cluster cases and 5 public-cluster cases). The basic characteristics, clinical symptoms, and epidemiological characteristics of the patients were considered in the investigation.<br />The median age of the 18 patients was 44.5 years (37.5-52.0 years), and there were 10 males and 8 females in the sample. The main clinical symptoms were fever and cough. The epidemiological characteristics were as follows (1) the median incubation period was 8 days (with an interquartile range of 4-12 days); (2) the incubation period in one case was ≥18 days; (3) one infant patient was asymptomatic prior to their diagnosis; and (4) two asymptomatic patients had a positive nucleic acid test after their family members were diagnosed with COVID-19.