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5% was 23.9%, which was significantly higher than the five-year cumulative recurrent stroke rate of 4.6% in patients with LA expansion index &gt;62.5% (log rank p&lt;0.001). The LA expansion index was a significant independent predictor of recurrent stroke (hazard ratio=0.873; 95% confidence interval 0.790-0.973 per 10% increase in LA expansion index; p=0.009).<br />The LA expansion index is useful for predicting recurrent stroke.<br />The LA expansion index is useful for predicting recurrent stroke.<br />Severe right ventricular hypertrophy (SRVH) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is rare. We studied the clinical characteristics and prognosis of 36 patients with HCM and SRVH in a Chinese cohort.<br />Patients with HCM and SRVH were enrolled between 2013 and 2017. The clinical characteristics, treatment therapies, and clinical outcomes of the 36 patients were retrospectively studied and compared with those of 128 patients without SRVH.<br />Patients in the group with SRVH were younger than those in the group without SRVH (27.58±15.09 years vs 40.34±13.21 years, respectively; p&lt;0.001). Patients with SRVH had more serious clinical symptoms and a higher New York Heart Association functional class than those without SRVH. Most patients in the group with SRVH exhibited diffuse RV hypertrophy, and 13 patients presented with biventricular outflow tract obstruction. Maximal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (27.29±7.95 mm vs 24.33±5.85 mm, respectively; p=0.027) and LV outflow tract gradient (80.83±24.41 mm Hg vs 42.3±5.7 mm Hg, respectively; p=0.000) were significantly greater in patients with SRVH than in those without SRVH. A total of 30 patients in the group with SRVH underwent surgical correction. During a median follow-up period of 48 months, six patients with SRVH reached primary clinical endpoints (four sudden cardiac deaths, one heart failure-related death, and one heart transplantation), whereas only two deaths occurred in the patients without SRVH.<br />We conclude that patients with HCM and SRVH exhibit serious symptoms and have complex surgical requirements and poor clinical outcomes.<br />We conclude that patients with HCM and SRVH exhibit serious symptoms and have complex surgical requirements and poor clinical outcomes.<br />This study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of cryoballoon ablation (CB-A) on electrocardiographic parameters that have been suggested to reflect heterogeneity in atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization.<br />A total of 67 patients (52.6±13.2 years, 43 men) without any exclusion criteria who had undergone CB-A for atrial fibrillation (AF) between January 01, 2015, and December 31, 2018, constituted our study population. Electrographic recordings obtained before and after the ablation procedure on the same day were retrospectively evaluated for the P-wave dispersion, QTc dispersion, Tp-Te interval, and Tp-Te/QT ratio. The pre- and post-ablation values were tested for significant differences. [https://www.selleckchem.com/mTOR.html mTOR kinase assay] The association of the possible CB-A-related changes in these parameters with AF recurrence during follow-up was evaluated.<br />P dispersion (30.1±6.8 vs. 35.9±9.4 ms, p&lt;0.001), QT dispersion (20.7±7.5 vs. 24.0±8.8 ms, p&lt;0.001), Tp-Te duration (on V5 83.6±8.1 vs. 110.2±9.5 ms, p&lt;0.001), and Tp-Te/QT ratio (on V5 0.22±0.03 vs. 0.28±0.02, p&lt;0.001) were observed to increase significantly after CB-A. There was no association between the magnitudes of change in any parameter and AF recurrence.<br />CB-A had significant effects on electrocardiographic parameters related to atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization in the acute phase after CB-A. Further prospective studies are required to examine the time-related course of these alterations and their impact on clinical outcomes.<br />CB-A had significant effects on electrocardiographic parameters related to atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization in the acute phase after CB-A. Further prospective studies are required to examine the time-related course of these alterations and their impact on clinical outcomes.<br />Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice, and its prevalence increases with age. Nevertheless, data about the use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) among patients with ≥80 years remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and warfarin in octogenarians with non-valvular AF (NVAF).<br />Medical records of 387 patients who were ≥80 years and diagnosed with NVAF in our hospital between January 2017 and December 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients with NVAF were divided into 2 groups (NOACs and warfarin), and the incidence of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were analyzed.<br />A total of 322 patients were included in the study. The median follow-up duration was 10.9 months for the NOACs group and 12.1 months for the warfarin group. The primary efficacy outcome was stroke/systemic embolism, and the primary safety outcome was major bleeding. A total of 220 patients were taking NOACs, and the most preferred NOACs were apixaban (53.6%), rivaroxaban (29.5%), dabigatran (13.2%), and edoxaban (3.6%) in this order. During a mean follow-up of 302.7 patient-years, the incidence of stroke or systemic embolic events was slightly higher among patients with warfarin but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.862). The incidence rates of major bleeding events were similar between the treatment groups (p=0.824).<br />Our study revealed that the safety and efficacy outcomes are similar between the 2 treatment groups in octogenarians with NVAF.<br />Our study revealed that the safety and efficacy outcomes are similar between the 2 treatment groups in octogenarians with NVAF.Biomolecular condensates are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of multivalent molecules. LLPS from a single ("homotypic") constituent is governed by buffering above a threshold, free monomer concentration is clamped, with all added molecules entering the condensed phase. However, both experiment and theory demonstrate that buffering fails for the concentration dependence of multicomponent ("heterotypic") LLPS. Using network-free stochastic modeling, we demonstrate that LLPS can be described by the solubility product constant (Ksp) the product of free monomer concentrations, accounting for the ideal stoichiometries governed by the valencies, displays a threshold above which additional monomers are funneled into large clusters; this reduces to simple buffering for homotypic systems. The Ksp regulates the composition of the dilute phase for a wide range of valencies and stoichiometries. The role of Ksp is further supported by coarse-grained spatial particle simulations. Thus, the solubility product offers a general formulation for the concentration dependence of LLPS.