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Patients face challenges in accurately interpreting their lab test results. To fulfill their knowledge gap, patients often turn to online resources, such as Community Question-Answering (CQA) sites, to seek meaningful information and support from their peers. Retrieving the most relevant information to patients' queries is important to help patients understand lab test results. However, few studies investigated the retrieval of lab test-related questions on CQA platforms. To address this research gap, we build and evaluate a system that automatically ranks questions about lab tests based on their similarity to a given question. The system is tested using diabetes-related questions collected from Yahoo! Answers' health section. Experimental results show that the regression-weighted combination of deep representations and shallow features was most effective in the Yahoo! Answers dataset. The proposed system can be extended to medical question retrieval, where questions contain a variety of lab tests.The potential of Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been demonstrated through successful applications to games such as Go and Atari. However, while it is straightforward to evaluate the performance of an RL algorithm in a game setting by simply using it to play the game, evaluation is a major challenge in clinical settings where it could be unsafe to follow RL policies in practice. Thus, understanding sensitivity of RL policies to the host of decisions made during implementation is an important step toward building the type of trust in RL required for eventual clinical uptake. In this work, we perform a sensitivity analysis on a state-of-the-art RL algorithm (Dueling Double Deep Q-Networks) applied to hemodynamic stabilization treatment strategies for septic patients in the ICU. We consider sensitivity of learned policies to input features, embedding model architecture, time discretization, reward function, and random seeds. We find that varying these settings can significantly impact learned policies, which suggests a need for caution when interpreting RL agent output.The mortality prediction of diverse rare diseases using electronic health record (EHR) data is a crucial task for intelligent healthcare. However, data insufficiency and the clinical diversity of rare diseases make it hard for deep learning models to be trained. Mortality prediction for these patients with different diseases can be viewed as a multi-task learning problem with insufficient data but a large number of tasks. On the other hand, insufficient training data makes it difficult to train task-specific modules in multi-task learning models. To address the challenges of data insufficiency and task diversity, we propose an initialization-sharing multi-task learning method (Ada-SiT). Ada-Sit can learn the parameter initialization and dynamically measure the tasks' similarities, used for fast adaptation. We use Ada-SiT to train long short-term memory networks (LSTM) based prediction models on longitudinal EHR data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model is effective for mortality prediction of diverse rare diseases.A reliable and searchable knowledge database of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is highly important and valuable for improving patient safety at the point of care. In this paper, we proposed a neural multi-task learning system, NeuroADR, to extract ADRs as well as relevant modifiers from free-text drug labels. Specifically, the NeuroADR system exploited a hierarchical multi-task learning (HMTL) framework to perform named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction (RE) jointly, where interactions among the learned deep encoder representations from different subtasks are explored. Different from the conventional HMTL approach, NeuroADR adopted a novel task decomposition strategy to generate auxiliary subtasks for more inter-task interactions and integrated a new label encoding schema for better handling discontinuous entities. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is common worldwide and has heterogeneous phenotypes. Predicting long-term outcomes is important for clinical decision-making. As right-censored patients become common during the long-term follow-up, either excluding these patients from the cohort or labeling them as control will bias the risk estimation. Thus, we constructed a survival model using EXtreme Gradient Boosting for survival (XSBoost-Surv), to accurately predict the prognosis of IgAN patients by taking the time-to-event information into the modeling procedure. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was employed to interpret the individual predicted result and the non-linear relationships between the predictors and outcome. Experiments on real-world data showed our model achieved superior discrimination performance over other conventional survival methods. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ici-118551-ici-118-551.html read more] By providing insights into the exact changes in risk induced by certain characteristics of the patients, this explainable and accurate survival model can help improve the clinical understanding of renal progression and benefit the therapies for the IgAN patients.Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects about 1 in 300 children and up to 1 in 100 adults during their life-time1. Improvements in early prediction of T1D onset may help prevent diagnosis for diabetic ketoacidosis, a serious complication often associated with a missed or delayed T1D diagnosis. In addition to genetic factors, progression to T1D is strongly associated with immunologic factors that can be measured during clinical visits. We developed a T1D-specific ontology that captures the dynamic patterns of these biomarkers and used it together with a survival model, RankSvx, proposed in our prior work2. We applied this approach to a T1D dataset harmonized from three birth cohort studies from the United States, Finland, and Sweden. Results show that the dynamic biomarker patterns captured in the proposed ontology are able to improve prediction performance (in concordance index) by 5.3%, 3.3%, 2.8%, and 1.0% over baseline for 3, 6, 9, and 12 month duration windows, respectively.