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CONCLUSION In this review, we have summarized recent findings on the potential of various Ginkgo biloba preparations to treat ADHD-like symptoms. [https://www.selleckchem.com/pharmacological_epigenetics.html Epigenetic inhibitor] In addition, we have discussed the pharmacological mechanisms mediated by Ginkgo biloba against an ADHD-like condition. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.IL-19 is a type of anti-inflammatory cytokine. Since the receptor for IL-19 is common to IL-20 and IL-24, it is important to clarify the role of each of the three. If three different cytokines bind to the same receptor, these three may have been produced to complement the other two. However perhaps it is unlikely. Recently, the existence of a novel receptor for IL-19 was suggested. The distinction between the three roles still makes sense. On the other hand, because T cells do not produce IL-19, their role in acquired immunity is limited or indirect. It has been reported that IL-19 causes inflammation in some diseases but is not an anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we introduce the current role of IL-19 in each disease. In addition, we will describe the molecular mechanism of IL-19 and its development for prevention. IL-19 was previously considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, but we would like to propose what we call an immunoregulatory cytokine. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Delirium is a very common but annoying clinical state that interferes with the treatment of background disease and delays recovery. Delirium is a troublesome condition that exhausts not only the patient but also his/her family and healthcare professionals. Since aging is a risk factor for delirium, how to control delirium is an extremely important issue in an aging society. Phenotype of delirium are so diverse that it is difficult to elucidate the mechanism of individual symptoms, but it is clinically well known that maintaining sleep quality is important in preventing and improving delirium. Drugs and factors that are known to disrupt the sleep-wake cycle also overlap with the risk factors for delirium, indicating the close connection between delirium and sleep. Although the sleep-wake cycle is tightly regulated by many neurotransmitters and hormones, and the role of each substance in this cycle is being elucidated in detail. It is well known that acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitter involved in wakefulness, and anticholinergic drugs reduce rapid eye movement sleep. Anticholinergic drugs are also the major drug causing drug-induced delirium. Several clinical studies have reported that melatonin receptor agonists reduce delirium. Some clinical studies have examined the relationship between delirium and environmental factors that interfere with sleep, such as noise and brightness. The purpose of this review is to organize the cause of poor sleep underlying delirium and propose strategies to prevent delirium, based on rich neurological and pharmacological findings of sleep. We consider that elimination of causes of sleep deprivation underlying delirium is one of the most effective prevention strategies for delirium. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND The strategic development of therapeutic agents capable of being targeted at their active sites has been a major goal in the treatment of cancer. The delivery of drugs for tumors has as its main challenge the development of safe and effective drugs, since the goal of chemotherapy is to eliminate the tumor completely without reaching healthy cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant, anticancer activitie of zidovudine and its α-O-glycosylated derivative obtained by biosynthesis using the filamentous fungi Cunninghamela echinulata. METHODS Was performed an evaluation of the cytotoxic potential zidovudine and its α-O-glycosylated in fibroblasts and melanoma cells by the tetrazolium reduction method (MTT), and the antioxidant activity of this derivative. RESULTS The antioxidant activity of zidovudine demonstrated an electrochemical oxidation potential of 0.91V while the α-glycosylated derivative did not exhibit any antioxidant activity. The zidovudine exhibited low cytotoxicity for melanoma and fibroblast cells while the αglycosylated derivative presented better cytotoxicity on melanoma cells at a concentration of 10mg. mL-1. CONCLUSION This, demonstrate the specific cytotoxicity of the glycoconjugate and suggest that glycosylation by biosynthesis can be a useful strategy for obtaining new anticancer compounds. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Combretaceae is a large family comprising of 500 species and 20 genera distributed in subtropical and tropical regions of world. Conocarpus genus is an ornamental tree native to coastal and riverine areas of East Africa and is planted as an ornamental plant in different areas of Pakistan. This genus has proved medicinal value as a cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, anti-leishmanial, antifungal and antidiabetic agent. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to screen the selected pharmacological attributes of sulphur containing novel compound isolated from Conocarpus lancifolius using a series of in vitro and molecular docking models. MATERIALS AND METHODS After collection and authentication of plant material, methanolic extract was prepared from which various secondary metabolites were qualitatively examined. Compound was isolated using open column chromatography and structure was established with spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible, infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resml) and human embryonic kidney cells (Kek293, IC50 = 6.74µg/ml) respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Lancifoliate towards Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nigar (skin sample), Aspergillus flavus (pleural fluid) and Candida albicans (urine and blood sample) was found to be 54.5, 44.8, 43.5, 22.4 and 20.2µg/ml respectively. Moreover, docking results are in strong agreement with our experimental finding which has identified lancifoliate to be more potent anti-proliferative agent than previously known compound ellipticine. CONCLUSION C. lancifolius extract and lancifoliate possess potent cytotoxic and antifungal properties. To best of our knowledge, this is the first study that highlights isolation, identification and pharmacological activities of lancifoliate from Conocarpus lancifolius. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.