Difference between revisions of "Helicobacter pylori 2021"

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Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems consist of a toxin inhibiting essential cellular functions (such as DNA, RNA and protein synthesis), and its cognate antitoxin neutralizing the toxicity. Recently, we identified a TA system termed TsbA/TsbT in the Staphylococcus aureus genome. The induction of the tsbT gene in Escherichia coli halted both DNA and RNA synthesis, reduced supercoiled plasmid and resulted in increasingly relaxed DNA. These results suggested that DNA gyrase was the target of TsbT. In addition, TsbT inhibited both E. coli and S. aureus DNA gyrase activity and induced linearization of plasmid DNA in vitro. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the TsbT toxin targets DNA gyrase in vivo. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that the E27 and D37 residues in TsbT are critical for toxicity. Secondary structure prediction combining the analysis of vacuum-ultraviolet circular-dichroism spectroscopy and neural network method demonstrated that the 22nd-32nd residues of TsbT form an α-helix structure, and that the E27 residue is located around the centre of the α-helix segment. These findings give new insights not only into S. aureus TA systems, but also into bacterial toxins targeting DNA topoisomerases.Recent interest in skeletal editing necessitates the continued development of reagent classes with the ability to transfer single atoms. Terminal transition metal nitrides hold immense promise for single-atom transfer, though their use in organic synthesis has so far been limited. Here we demonstrate a synthetic cycle with associated detailed mechanistic studies that primes the development of terminal transition metal nitrides as valuable single-atom transfer reagents. Specifically, we show [cis-terpyOsNCl2 ]PF6 inserts nitrogen into indenes to afford isoquinolines. Mechanistic studies for each step (insertion, aromatization, product release, and nitride regeneration) are reported, including crystallographic characterization of diverted intermediates, kinetics, and computational studies. The mechanistic foundation set by this synthetic cycle opens the door to the further development of nitrogen insertion heteroarene syntheses promoted by late transition metal nitrides.<br />Anti-Ro/La autoantibodies are especially prevalent in autoimmune diseases but are also relatively frequent in healthy adults. Their arrhythmogenic effect on the immature cardiac conductive system is well established, with substantial evidence demonstrating an increased risk for congenital atrioventricular block in neonates of seropositive mothers. Despite their wide distribution and their arrhythmogenic potential effect, there are no large population studies conducted in seropositive adults. Thus, this is the first large population-based study to examine the association of anti-Ro/La seropositivity with cardiac rhythm and conduction disturbances.<br />This cross-sectional designed study involved the electronic health records of the largest health maintenance organization in Israel. All subjects that were tested positive for anti-Ro/anti-La antibodies between the years 2002 and 2019 were included and were matched by age, gender, and place of residence, with controls. Rates of different cardiac rhythm and conduc extent, cardiac rhythm disturbances, regardless of the presence of concurrent autoimmune disease.<br />Anti-Ro seropositivity is positively associated with adult cardiac conduction disturbances and, to a lesser extent, cardiac rhythm disturbances, regardless of the presence of concurrent autoimmune disease.<br />During the coronavirus disease pandemic, audio-only and video telehealth visits became more widely available, but the relative patient satisfaction between telehealth and in-person modalities is not well-described.<br />Our objective was to compare patient satisfaction with audio-only, video, and in-person adult primary care visits at a large, urban public healthcare system.<br />In this cross-sectional study, we used aggregated data from Press Ganey patient satisfaction surveys at 17 primary care facilities at New York City Health + Hospitals for visits between 1 June 2021 to 30 November 2021. We compared mean scores for questions common to surveys for each modality in domains of Access, Care Provider,and Overall Assessment using pairwise comparisons with two-tailed t-tests.<br />There were 7,183/79,562 (9.0%) respondents for in-person visits and 1,009/15,092 (6.7%) respondents for telehealth visits. Compared to respondents for in-person visits, respondents for telehealth visits were more likely to be aged 35-64 years, Asian, and speak English as their primary language, and less likely to be ≥65 years old, Black or other race, and speak Spanish or another language as their primary language (p &lt; 0.001). Patients reported higher mean satisfaction for Access measures for telehealth visits than in-person visits (p &lt; 0.001). For Care Provider satisfaction questions, video visits generally had higher mean scores than in-person and, in turn, audio-only visits. For Overall Assessment questions, video visits had higher mean scores than in-person and, subsequently, audio-only visits.<br />Of the visit modalities, video visits had the highest mean satisfaction scores across all domains. Telehealth may improve experiences with access, but audio-only visits may provide poorer visit experiences.<br />Of the visit modalities, video visits had the highest mean satisfaction scores across all domains. Telehealth may improve experiences with access, but audio-only visits may provide poorer visit experiences.<br />Academic boredom is ubiquitous, and it leads to a range of adverse learning outcomes. Given that students often make estimates of how boring lectures are, does anticipating a lecture to be boring shape their actual experience of boredom?<br />The current research investigated whether anticipated boredom intensifies subsequent boredom felt in lectures.<br />We recruited undergraduate students to participate in three studies.<br />Study 1 (N=121) and study 2 (N=130) were conducted in natural university lecture environments. We found that students who anticipated a lecture to bore them more subsequently felt more bored by it. In study 3 (N=92), we experimentally manipulated anticipated boredom before participants watched a lecture video. We found that those who were led to anticipate higher levels of boredom felt more bored by the video.<br />Results converged to indicate that the mere expectation that a lecture will be boring may be sufficient to exacerbate its subsequent occurrence. We discuss these findings in the contexts of affective forecasting and education.<br />Results converged to indicate that the mere expectation that a lecture will be boring may be sufficient to exacerbate its subsequent occurrence. We discuss these findings in the contexts of affective forecasting and education.<br />People living with dementia often have high care needs at the end-of-life. We compared care delivery in the last year of life for people living with dementia in the community (home or assisted living facilities [ALFs]) versus those in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs).<br />A retrospective study was performed of older adults with a dementia diagnosis who died in the community or SNFs from 2013 through 2018. Primary outcomes were numbers of hospitalizations and emergency department visits in the last year of life. Secondary outcomes were completed advance care plans, hospice enrollment, time in hospice, practitioner visits, and intensive care unit admissions.<br />Of 1203 older adults with dementia, 622 (51.7%) lived at home/ALFs; 581 (48.3%) lived in SNFs. At least 1 hospitalization was recorded for 70.7% living at home/ALFs versus 50.8% in SNFs (<br /> &lt; .001), similar to percentages of emergency department visits (80.2% vs 58.0% of the home/ALF and SNF groups,<br /> &lt; .001). SNF residents had more practitioner visits than home/ALF residents median (IQR), 9.0 (6.0-12.0) versus 5.0 (3.0-9.0;<br /> &lt; .001). No advance care plan was documented for 12.2% (n = 76) of the home/ALF group versus 4.6% (n = 27) of the SNF group (<br /> &lt; .001). Nearly 57% of SNF residents were enrolled in hospice versus 68.3% at home/ALFs (<br /> &lt; .001). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Tretinoin(Aberela).html NSC 122758] The median time in hospice was 26.5 days in SNFs versus 30.0 days at home/ALFs (<br /> = .67).<br />Older adults with dementia frequently receive acute care in their last year of life. Hospice care was more common for home/ALF residents. Time in hospice was short.<br />Older adults with dementia frequently receive acute care in their last year of life. Hospice care was more common for home/ALF residents. Time in hospice was short.Osteochondroma is a relatively common benign tumor of the bone, and compressive neuropathies due to osteochondroma are comparatively rare. Here, we present a rare case of osteochondroma of the fibular head that caused peroneal nerve palsy in an 8-year-old girl. Physical examination revealed 0/5 tibialis anterior, 1/5 extensor hallucis longus, and 1/5 peroneal brevis muscle power-according to the manual muscle testing grading system, as well as numbness on the lateral side of the right leg and the back of the foot. Radiological examination and ultrasound revealed a bone tumor in the head of the right fibula. Magnetic resonance imaging ruled out spinal nerve root compression. It was discovered that the bone tumor in the fibular head had compressed and displaced the common peroneal nerve. The patient underwent surgical decompression of the right peroneal nerve. A bone region measuring 22 × 14 × 8 mm was removed. Three months postoperatively, the preoperative neurological deficits were found to be nearly resolved. The patient presented with a foot drop for 1 year, but symptoms resolved 3 months after surgery. Conventional wisdom states that surgery should be performed within 3 months, but we recommend that surgery be performed as soon as diagnosis is made even in cases with a long history, as it may improve patient symptoms and outcomes.Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as a critical system for controlling body fluid and hemostasis, contains peptides and receptors, including angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) and Mas receptor (MasR). Ang 1-7 implements its function via MasR. Ang II is another peptide in RAS that performs its actions via two Ang II type 1 and 2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R). The functions of AT2R and MasR are very similar, and both have a vasodilation effect, while AT1R has a vasoconstriction role. MasR affects many mechanisms in the brain, heart, blood vessels, kidney, lung, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal muscle, and liver and probably acts like a paracrine hormone in these organs. The effect of Ang 1-7 in the kidney is complex according to the hydroelectrolyte status, the renal sympathetic nervous system, and the activity level of the RAS. The MasR expression and function seem more complex than Ang II receptors and have interacted with Ang II receptors and many other factors, including sex hormones. Also, pathological conditions including hypertension, diabetes, and ischemia-reperfusion could change MasR expression and function. In this review, we consider the role of sex differences in MasR expression and functions in the renal system under physiological and pathological conditions.
Glucosuria and proteinuria were identified in two Christmas Island flying-foxes, suggestive of renal dysfunction. In one aged flying-fox, kidney cadmium concentrations were four-fold higher than toxic thresholds reported for domestic mammals. Microscopic evaluation of this individual identified bone lesions consistent with those described in laboratory animals with chronic cadmium poisoning. These results suggest that Christmas Island flying-foxes are being exposed to cadmium and identification of these sources is recommended as a focus of future research. Unexpectedly, urine iron concentrations in Christmas Island flying-foxes were higher compared to previous studies of Australian mainland flying-foxes, which suggests that urinary excretion of iron may be an important aspect of iron homeostasis in this species whose diet is iron rich.The annual growth of global energy demand and the associated environmental impacts (EIs) has an important role in the large sustainable and green global energy transition. Renewable energy systems have been attracting substantial economic, environmental, and technical attention throughout the last decade, while some have been in the market for almost a century. However, even renewable energy may negatively affect the environment, which is widely considered much less harsh than fossil energy resources. This, in return, requires more consideration and appropriate precautions to be taken. This work discusses the environmental impacts (EIs) of small and medium-sized wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal power systems. The approach goes through all stages from planning and conception to construction and installation and throughout service life and decommissioning. For various circumstances and technically and ecologically viable guidelines for their effect on natural resources and wildlife, clear and comprehensive solutions have been given.Understanding changes in environmental mercury concentrations is important for assessing the risk to human and wildlife populations from this potent toxicant. Here, we use herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs to evaluate temporal changes in total mercury (THg) availability from two locations on Great Slave Lake (GSL), Northwest Territories, Canada. Egg THg concentrations increased through time, but this change was due to shifts in gull diets. Stable nitrogen isotopes allowed adjustment of egg THg concentrations for dietary changes. Diet-adjusted egg THg concentrations showed no long-term trend. Consistent with that result, new statistical analysis of THg concentrations in three species of GSL fish showed minor or no temporal changes. Although a long-term trend was absent, inter-year differences in adjusted egg THg concentrations persisted. Contributions of environmental variables (i.e., river flow, lake level, air temperature, precipitation, and wildfire) to these differences were investigated. Egg THg concentrations were greater following years of lower lake levels and greater wildfire extent. Lake level could have affected mercury methylation. Increased wildfire could have enhanced terrestrial Hg releases to the atmosphere where it was transported long distances to GSL. Climate change may increase wildfire extent with impacts on Hg bioaccumulation in northern ecosystems. Egg Hg levels reported here are unlikely to pose health risks to gulls, but in light of ongoing environmental change, monitoring should continue. Our study emphasizes the importance of ancillary datasets in elucidating Hg trends; such information will be critical for evaluating the effectiveness of Hg mitigation strategies implemented as part of the Minamata Convention.Thermochemical techniques are being operated for the complete conversion of diverse biomasses to biofuels. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mk-8353-sch900353.html find more] Among the feedstocks used for thermochemical processes, algae are the promising biomass sources owing to their advantages over other feedstocks such as biomass productivity, renewability and sustainability. Due to several advantages, algal biomass is considered as a source for third generation biofuel. This review work aims to provide a state-of-the-art on the most commonly used thermochemical methods namely torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification processes. Furthermore, the production of biofuels from algal biomass was comprehensively articulated. Different algal strains used in thermochemical techniques and their conditions of operation were compared and discussed. The yield and quality of solid (char), liquid (bio-oil) and gaseous (syngas) products obtained through thermochemical methods were reviewed and analysed to understand the efficacy of each technique. End product percentage, quality and advantages of the torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification were summarized. It is found that the biofuel produced from the torrefaction process was easy to store and deliver and had higher utilization efficiency. Among the existing thermochemical methods, the pyrolysis process was widely used for the complete conversion of algal biomass to bio-oil or char. This study also revealed that the gasification (supercritical) method was the most energy efficient process for conversion of wet algal biomass. The reactor used in the thermochemical process and its subprocess was also highlighted. This study revealed that the fixed bed reactor was suitable for small scale production whereas the fluidized bed reactor could be scaled up for industrial production. link2 In addition to that environmental impacts of the products were also spotlighted. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of algal biomass to bioenergy conversion were addressed.Residual free chlorine is not monitored continuously at scale in drinking water distribution systems because existing real-time sensor technologies require frequent maintenance, cleaning, and calibration, which makes these products too costly to be used throughout a distribution system. As a result, current measurement approaches require manual sampling, which is not feasible for the consistent monitoring of free chlorine because chlorine concentrations vary significantly throughout pipeline distribution and over time and space. This research presents an alternative and cost-effective method of predicting free chlorine levels in drinking water using graphite electrodes coated with naturally grown microbial biofilms. This Microbial Potentiometric Sensor (MPS) array was installed in a Continuously Mixed Batch Reactor (CMBR), and drinking water containing variable free chlorine concentrations. The chlorine concentrations were introduced in a controlled manner, and the MPS signals were monitored over time. MPS sible measurements.Higher temperatures are associated with morbidity and mortality. Most epidemiological studies use outdoor temperature data, however, people spend most of their time indoors. Indoor temperatures and determinants of indoor temperatures have rarely been studied on a large scale. We measured living room and bedroom temperature in 113 homes of elderly subjects, as well as outdoor temperatures, in two cities in the Netherlands. Linear regression was used to determine the influence of building characteristics on indoor living room and bedroom temperatures in the warm episode. During the warm episode, indoor temperatures were higher during the night and lower during the day than outdoor temperatures. Indoor temperatures on average exceeded outdoor temperatures. The weekly average indoor temperature in living rooms varied between 23.1 and 30.2 °C. Dwellings that warmed up easily, also cooled down more easily. Outdoor and indoor temperatures were moderately correlated (R2 = 0.36 and 0.34 for living rooms and bedrooms, respectively). Building year before 1930 and rooms being located on the top floor were associated with higher indoor temperatures. Green in the vicinity was associated with lower temperatures in bedrooms. This study shows that indoor temperatures vary widely between dwellings, and are determined by outdoor temperatures and building characteristics. As most people, especially the elderly, spend most of the time indoor, indoor temperature is a more exact predictor of heat exposure than outdoor temperature. The importance of mitigating high indoor temperatures will be more important in the future because of higher temperatures due to climate change.Intertidal wetlands have historically been in decline and are increasingly at risk due to climate change, particularly sea level rise (SLR). Different intertidal wetland communities can adapt to SLR via lateral upslope retreat to higher ground, capture and accumulation of allochthonous sediment, and/or organic accretion. In this paper, a case study is presented to assess the impact of the overall sediment accretion rate (i.e. allochthonous and organic accumulation) versus possible SLR rates on wetland species composition. Initially, an eco-hydraulic calculation method is developed to estimate existing spatial and temporal tidal inundation statistics of saltmarsh species at a Ramsar listed wetland on the south-east coast of New South Wales, Australia. SLR and accretion scenarios were then tested using high resolution hydrodynamic models to predict future saltmarsh species composition based on the eco-hydraulic calculation method. Saltmarsh species composition and extents were found to persist if sea levels continue to rise at present-day rates, as observed rates of SLR are similar. However, if the SLR rate accelerates beyond the accretion ability of the wetland, a significant shift in species composition and an increase in open water coverage was predicted. These results indicate that the current rate of sediment capture by wetland species, and the subsequent rate of elevation change, will need to increase significantly to adapt with projected future rates of SLR.The dictyochophyte microalga Pseudochattonella verruculosa was responsible for the largest farmed fish mortality ever recorded in the world, with losses for the Chilean salmon industry amounting to US$ 800 M in austral summer 2016. Super-scale climatic anomalies resulted in strong vertical water column stratification that stimulated development of a dynamic P. verruculosa thin layer (up to 38 μg chl a L-1) for several weeks in Reloncaví Sound. Hydrodynamic modeling (MIKE 3D) indicated that the Sound had extremely low flushing rates (between 121 and 200 days) in summer 2016. Reported algal cell densities of 7000-20,000 cells mL-1 generated respiratory distress in fish that was unlikely due to low dissolved oxygen (permanently &gt;4 mg L-1). Histological examination of salmon showed that gills were the most affected organ with significant tissue damage and circulatory disorders. It is possible that some of this damage was due to a diatom bloom that preceded the Pseudochattonella event, thereby rendering the fish m bloom. Multiple mitigation strategies were used by salmon farmers during the event, with only delayed seeding of juvenile fish into the cages and towing of cages to sanctuary sites being effective. Airlift pumping, used effectively against other fish-killing HABs in the US and Canada was not effective, perhaps because it brought subsurface layers of Pseudochattonella to the surface, or and it also may have lysed the fragile cells, rendering them more lethal. The present study highlights knowledge gaps and inefficiency of contingency plans by the fish farming industry to overcome future fish-killing algal blooms under future climate change scenarios. link3 The use of new technologies based on molecular methods for species detection, good farm practices by fish farms, and possible mitigation strategies are discussed.

Revision as of 12:09, 14 September 2024

Glucosuria and proteinuria were identified in two Christmas Island flying-foxes, suggestive of renal dysfunction. In one aged flying-fox, kidney cadmium concentrations were four-fold higher than toxic thresholds reported for domestic mammals. Microscopic evaluation of this individual identified bone lesions consistent with those described in laboratory animals with chronic cadmium poisoning. These results suggest that Christmas Island flying-foxes are being exposed to cadmium and identification of these sources is recommended as a focus of future research. Unexpectedly, urine iron concentrations in Christmas Island flying-foxes were higher compared to previous studies of Australian mainland flying-foxes, which suggests that urinary excretion of iron may be an important aspect of iron homeostasis in this species whose diet is iron rich.The annual growth of global energy demand and the associated environmental impacts (EIs) has an important role in the large sustainable and green global energy transition. Renewable energy systems have been attracting substantial economic, environmental, and technical attention throughout the last decade, while some have been in the market for almost a century. However, even renewable energy may negatively affect the environment, which is widely considered much less harsh than fossil energy resources. This, in return, requires more consideration and appropriate precautions to be taken. This work discusses the environmental impacts (EIs) of small and medium-sized wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal power systems. The approach goes through all stages from planning and conception to construction and installation and throughout service life and decommissioning. For various circumstances and technically and ecologically viable guidelines for their effect on natural resources and wildlife, clear and comprehensive solutions have been given.Understanding changes in environmental mercury concentrations is important for assessing the risk to human and wildlife populations from this potent toxicant. Here, we use herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs to evaluate temporal changes in total mercury (THg) availability from two locations on Great Slave Lake (GSL), Northwest Territories, Canada. Egg THg concentrations increased through time, but this change was due to shifts in gull diets. Stable nitrogen isotopes allowed adjustment of egg THg concentrations for dietary changes. Diet-adjusted egg THg concentrations showed no long-term trend. Consistent with that result, new statistical analysis of THg concentrations in three species of GSL fish showed minor or no temporal changes. Although a long-term trend was absent, inter-year differences in adjusted egg THg concentrations persisted. Contributions of environmental variables (i.e., river flow, lake level, air temperature, precipitation, and wildfire) to these differences were investigated. Egg THg concentrations were greater following years of lower lake levels and greater wildfire extent. Lake level could have affected mercury methylation. Increased wildfire could have enhanced terrestrial Hg releases to the atmosphere where it was transported long distances to GSL. Climate change may increase wildfire extent with impacts on Hg bioaccumulation in northern ecosystems. Egg Hg levels reported here are unlikely to pose health risks to gulls, but in light of ongoing environmental change, monitoring should continue. Our study emphasizes the importance of ancillary datasets in elucidating Hg trends; such information will be critical for evaluating the effectiveness of Hg mitigation strategies implemented as part of the Minamata Convention.Thermochemical techniques are being operated for the complete conversion of diverse biomasses to biofuels. find more Among the feedstocks used for thermochemical processes, algae are the promising biomass sources owing to their advantages over other feedstocks such as biomass productivity, renewability and sustainability. Due to several advantages, algal biomass is considered as a source for third generation biofuel. This review work aims to provide a state-of-the-art on the most commonly used thermochemical methods namely torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification processes. Furthermore, the production of biofuels from algal biomass was comprehensively articulated. Different algal strains used in thermochemical techniques and their conditions of operation were compared and discussed. The yield and quality of solid (char), liquid (bio-oil) and gaseous (syngas) products obtained through thermochemical methods were reviewed and analysed to understand the efficacy of each technique. End product percentage, quality and advantages of the torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification were summarized. It is found that the biofuel produced from the torrefaction process was easy to store and deliver and had higher utilization efficiency. Among the existing thermochemical methods, the pyrolysis process was widely used for the complete conversion of algal biomass to bio-oil or char. This study also revealed that the gasification (supercritical) method was the most energy efficient process for conversion of wet algal biomass. The reactor used in the thermochemical process and its subprocess was also highlighted. This study revealed that the fixed bed reactor was suitable for small scale production whereas the fluidized bed reactor could be scaled up for industrial production. link2 In addition to that environmental impacts of the products were also spotlighted. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of algal biomass to bioenergy conversion were addressed.Residual free chlorine is not monitored continuously at scale in drinking water distribution systems because existing real-time sensor technologies require frequent maintenance, cleaning, and calibration, which makes these products too costly to be used throughout a distribution system. As a result, current measurement approaches require manual sampling, which is not feasible for the consistent monitoring of free chlorine because chlorine concentrations vary significantly throughout pipeline distribution and over time and space. This research presents an alternative and cost-effective method of predicting free chlorine levels in drinking water using graphite electrodes coated with naturally grown microbial biofilms. This Microbial Potentiometric Sensor (MPS) array was installed in a Continuously Mixed Batch Reactor (CMBR), and drinking water containing variable free chlorine concentrations. The chlorine concentrations were introduced in a controlled manner, and the MPS signals were monitored over time. MPS sible measurements.Higher temperatures are associated with morbidity and mortality. Most epidemiological studies use outdoor temperature data, however, people spend most of their time indoors. Indoor temperatures and determinants of indoor temperatures have rarely been studied on a large scale. We measured living room and bedroom temperature in 113 homes of elderly subjects, as well as outdoor temperatures, in two cities in the Netherlands. Linear regression was used to determine the influence of building characteristics on indoor living room and bedroom temperatures in the warm episode. During the warm episode, indoor temperatures were higher during the night and lower during the day than outdoor temperatures. Indoor temperatures on average exceeded outdoor temperatures. The weekly average indoor temperature in living rooms varied between 23.1 and 30.2 °C. Dwellings that warmed up easily, also cooled down more easily. Outdoor and indoor temperatures were moderately correlated (R2 = 0.36 and 0.34 for living rooms and bedrooms, respectively). Building year before 1930 and rooms being located on the top floor were associated with higher indoor temperatures. Green in the vicinity was associated with lower temperatures in bedrooms. This study shows that indoor temperatures vary widely between dwellings, and are determined by outdoor temperatures and building characteristics. As most people, especially the elderly, spend most of the time indoor, indoor temperature is a more exact predictor of heat exposure than outdoor temperature. The importance of mitigating high indoor temperatures will be more important in the future because of higher temperatures due to climate change.Intertidal wetlands have historically been in decline and are increasingly at risk due to climate change, particularly sea level rise (SLR). Different intertidal wetland communities can adapt to SLR via lateral upslope retreat to higher ground, capture and accumulation of allochthonous sediment, and/or organic accretion. In this paper, a case study is presented to assess the impact of the overall sediment accretion rate (i.e. allochthonous and organic accumulation) versus possible SLR rates on wetland species composition. Initially, an eco-hydraulic calculation method is developed to estimate existing spatial and temporal tidal inundation statistics of saltmarsh species at a Ramsar listed wetland on the south-east coast of New South Wales, Australia. SLR and accretion scenarios were then tested using high resolution hydrodynamic models to predict future saltmarsh species composition based on the eco-hydraulic calculation method. Saltmarsh species composition and extents were found to persist if sea levels continue to rise at present-day rates, as observed rates of SLR are similar. However, if the SLR rate accelerates beyond the accretion ability of the wetland, a significant shift in species composition and an increase in open water coverage was predicted. These results indicate that the current rate of sediment capture by wetland species, and the subsequent rate of elevation change, will need to increase significantly to adapt with projected future rates of SLR.The dictyochophyte microalga Pseudochattonella verruculosa was responsible for the largest farmed fish mortality ever recorded in the world, with losses for the Chilean salmon industry amounting to US$ 800 M in austral summer 2016. Super-scale climatic anomalies resulted in strong vertical water column stratification that stimulated development of a dynamic P. verruculosa thin layer (up to 38 μg chl a L-1) for several weeks in Reloncaví Sound. Hydrodynamic modeling (MIKE 3D) indicated that the Sound had extremely low flushing rates (between 121 and 200 days) in summer 2016. Reported algal cell densities of 7000-20,000 cells mL-1 generated respiratory distress in fish that was unlikely due to low dissolved oxygen (permanently >4 mg L-1). Histological examination of salmon showed that gills were the most affected organ with significant tissue damage and circulatory disorders. It is possible that some of this damage was due to a diatom bloom that preceded the Pseudochattonella event, thereby rendering the fish m bloom. Multiple mitigation strategies were used by salmon farmers during the event, with only delayed seeding of juvenile fish into the cages and towing of cages to sanctuary sites being effective. Airlift pumping, used effectively against other fish-killing HABs in the US and Canada was not effective, perhaps because it brought subsurface layers of Pseudochattonella to the surface, or and it also may have lysed the fragile cells, rendering them more lethal. The present study highlights knowledge gaps and inefficiency of contingency plans by the fish farming industry to overcome future fish-killing algal blooms under future climate change scenarios. link3 The use of new technologies based on molecular methods for species detection, good farm practices by fish farms, and possible mitigation strategies are discussed.

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