Acknowledging social variants the combination regarding overseas healthrelated students

ATP-binding cassettes C1 (ABCC1s) are expressed in the neurons of the brain, but their function in neurological diseases is far from clear. In this study, we investigated the role of ABCC1 in the hippocampus in cocaine-associated memory and spine plasticity. We also investigated the role of ABCC1 in AMPA receptors (AMPARs) surface expression in primary prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons following dopamine treatment, which was used to mimic exposure to cocaine. We found that cocaine increased ABCC1 expression in the hippocampus, and ABCC1-siRNA blocked cocaine-induced place preference. Furthermore, a morphological study showed that ABCC1-siRNA reduced the total spine density, including thin, stubby and mushroom spines in both cocaine and basal treatments compared with controls. Meanwhile, in vitro tests showed that ABCC1-siRNA decreased GluA1 and GluA2 surface expression induced by dopamine, while a decreased number of synapses in primary PFC neurons was observed following dopamine treatment. The data show that ABCC1 in the hippocampus is critically involved in cocaine-associated memory and spine plasticity and that dopamine induces AMPARs surface expression in primary PFC neurons. ABCC1 is thus presented as a new signaling molecule involved in cocaine addiction, which may provide a new target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
Recent studies have suggested that ninjin'yoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, improves diminished motivation in humans and animals, rendering it a novel therapeutic option for impaired motivation. To better characterize the effect of NYT on motivation, we examined its effect on motivated behaviors in mice.
Mouse models of neurodegeneration-related apathy, in which striatal dopamine receptor type 2-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) were progressively damaged by diphtheria toxin expression, were chosen.
The decrease in effort-based operant responding for rewards (sucrose pellets), indicative of the mouse's motivated behavior, in the affected mice was not suppressed by chronic treatment with NYT suspended in drinking water at 1% (w/v). Mice were then subjected to a sucrose preference test, wherein they freely chose to ingest tap water and a sucrose solution without being required to exert effort. The affected mice showed a decline in preference for sucrose over tap water, relative to nonaffected controls, indicating anhedonia-like traits. In contrast to the diminished operant behavior, the anhedonic behavior in the affected mice was prevented by the NYT administration. Furthermore, NYT did not affect the size of Drd2 mRNA disappearance in the striatum of affected mice, suggesting that the NYT effect was unrelated to DTA-mediated neurodegeneration.
These results demonstrate that the beneficial effect of NYT on motivation is mediated, at least in part, through the potentiation of hedonic capacity by certain neuromodulatory pathways.
These results demonstrate that the beneficial effect of NYT on motivation is mediated, at least in part, through the potentiation of hedonic capacity by certain neuromodulatory pathways.
To monitor the effects of donepezil on spontaneous neuronal activity (SNA), and the mechanisms underlying these effects in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease, using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs), a metric of resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI).
Eleven patients with Alzheimer's disease were treated with donepezil for 6 months. Before and after treatment, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Activities of Daily Living scores, along with rs-fMRI of patients were assessed. Eleven age-, sex-, and education-matched controls underwent MMSE and CDR assessments and rs-fMRI at enrollment. The ALFFs of the whole brain were obtained and compared between the groups.
Following donepezil treatment, MMSE scores increased (P = 0.043) and ADAS-cog scores decreased (P = 0.010). Regarding SNA post-treatment, ALFF increased significantly in the right triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFGtriang; P = 0.030; d = -0.595) and the right orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus (P = 0.044; d = -0.628) and decreased significantly in the left medial orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus (P = 0.039; d = 0.606) and the right gyrus rectus (P = 0.010; d = 0.609). Furthermore, the changes in ADAS-cog scores from before to after treatment were positively correlated with the changes in ALFF in the right IFGtriang (r = 0.645; P = 0.032).
Donepezil improved SNA in the frontal lobe of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, ALFF was demonstrated to be a potential tool for assessing the effectiveness of Alzheimer's disease treatment.
Donepezil improved SNA in the frontal lobe of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Zolinza Therefore, ALFF was demonstrated to be a potential tool for assessing the effectiveness of Alzheimer's disease treatment.
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) can activate multiple pathways to inhibit the deleterious effects of acute and chronic insults. Our aim was to test the effect of EGCs on hyperglycemia-induced neuron damage and its underlying intracellular mechanisms.
A coculture model composed of EGCs and neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) was established to examine glial-mediated neuroprotection under high glucose conditions. The cell counting assay kit CCK-8 was used to measure cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to measure the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), change of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis. The expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin E2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, AKT, p-AKT, GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β were tested using western blot.
Exposure to high glucose (≥35 mM) reduced the viability of SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, enhanced ROS generation and decrease of MMP were observed in SH-SY5Y cells when treated with high glucose. Furthermore, high glucose also caused SH-SY5Y cells arrest in G2 phase and apoptosis, accompanied by decreasing cyclin D1 and E2, and upregulating Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Coculture EGC lines or EGC-conditioned medium with SH-SY5Y prevented the neurotoxic effects. The p-AKT/AKT and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratios were dramatically decreased in SH-SY5Y cells after high glucose incubation, which was restored after coculture with EGCs.
EGCs can protect neurons from hyperglycemia-induced injury by activating the Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
EGCs can protect neurons from hyperglycemia-induced injury by activating the Akt/GSK-3β pathway.Alcoholism and alcohol abuse can lead to memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. The neuroinflammatory response plays an important role in the neurotoxic mechanism of chronic alcohol exposure. Additionally, the phosphorylation status of the tau protein is closely related to neurotoxicity and synaptic function. As inflammatory cytokines have been shown to regulate tau phosphorylation, in the present study, the aim was to determine whether cognitive impairment caused by chronic alcohol exposure is associated with neuroinflammation and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus. We established a chronic alcohol exposure model of C57BL/6J mice. The Y maze was used to assess the spatial recognition ability of mice, and ELISA was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in the serum. Immunohistochemical and western blot assays were used to assess the expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6, as well as tau protein and its phosphorylation status in the hippocampus. We also analyzed the mRNA and protein expression of the synapse-associated proteins PSD95 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus. Our results showed that chronic alcohol exposure impaired the spatial recognition ability of mice upregulated the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in the serum and hippocampus and increased the phosphorylation of tau protein in the hippocampus. In addition, chronic alcohol exposure downregulated PSD95 and synaptophysin protein levels. The present results indicate that hippocampal IL-1β, IL-6, and phosphorylated tau proteins may be involved in the neurotoxic mechanism of chronic alcohol exposure by mediating synaptic dysfunction.Significant surround modulation was reported in the cortical areas corresponding to the periphery of the visual field, whereas no clear surround modulation was reported in the center. To understand the neural bases underlying the differences of the functions between the cortical areas corresponding to the center and periphery of the visual field, responses of the cells in the cat early visual cortex with their receptive fields in the center and periphery of the visual field were recorded by using multichannel electrodes, and cross-correlations of the spikes in the responses to the full-field stimuli, and the center-surround stimuli, which contained a grating in a central patch and a surround grating, were analyzed. Percentages of the cell pairs showing significant cross-correlation were larger in the cortical areas corresponding to the periphery than the center. In the center of the visual field, the percentages of the cell pairs showing significant cross-correlation significantly decreased as the separation of the recording points increased, and the time lags of the peaks of the cross-correlogram distributed around zero. In the periphery of the visual field, the time lags of the peaks of the cross-correlogram distributed more widely and increased as the separation of the recording points increased. In the responses to the center-surround stimuli in the preferred orientation of each cell, percentages of the cell pairs showing significant cross-correlation were larger in the periphery than the center. These results suggest that more lateral interactions occur in the cortical areas corresponding to the periphery than the center of the visual field.
Oncoplastic breast surgery is well established in many parts of the world and is gaining popularity in the rest of the world. The cornerstone in oncoplastic breast surgery is to respect oncological principles during cancer resection maintaining good aesthetic and cosmetic outcome. With the advancement in local, regional, and systemic treatment for breast cancer, survival has improved, and patients live longer. It is utmost essential to help our patients to maintain a good quality of life. Aesthetic and cosmetic outcomes have a significant impact on patient's psychosocial, emotional, and sexual well-being.Oncoplastic techniques have evolved over the last decade with the increasing use of perforator flaps to enable partial breast reconstruction. We report the findings of a prospective cohort study using modified lateral intercostal artery perforator in partial breast reconstruction. This modified technique offers a less visible scar and good access to the axilla without any need for repositioning the patient r flap loss. The results were comparable across the 2 participating units.
The data suggest that modified intercostal artery perforator flap is an excellent oncoplastic technique for volume replacement in partial breast reconstruction with a short learning curve and minimal perioperative morbidity.
The data suggest that modified intercostal artery perforator flap is an excellent oncoplastic technique for volume replacement in partial breast reconstruction with a short learning curve and minimal perioperative morbidity.