RealTime Genomic Surveillance for SARSCoV2 Alternatives of Concern Uruguay

Raising young dairy calves presents many challenges for producers and veterinarians including losses attributable to BRD. This article will discuss several key concepts for practitioners to consider when applying evidence-based medicine for the control and treatment of BRD in young dairy calves. The authors review BRD complex, provide considerations for diagnostic approaches, and discuss research associated with the control and treatment of BRD.Surplus male dairy calves experience significant health challenges after arrival at the veal and dairy beef facilities. To curb these challenges, the engagement of multiple stakeholders is needed starting with improved care on some dairy farms and better management of transportation. Differing management strategies are also needed if calves arrive at veal and dairy beef facilities under poor condition.The transition for the calf from the milk-feeding phase to the grouping and dry feed feeding phase is the second most difficult time for a calf, with the most difficult life phase being parturition and the first day of life. Reducing these stress factors directly relates to reduced health problems and better performance during subsequent life phases. This review will discuss some of the key management factors associated with achieving maximum production potential for the commercial dairy calf.The development of modeling concepts with the 2001 NRC (National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle represented a big step toward understanding and applying the underlying mechanisms associated with young calf growth. Factors such as the plane of nutrition being provided (protein and energy), breed and environmental stressors impact calf growth. Investigation into delivering the proper amounts of energy and protein through the liquid and dry feeds to optimize growth needs to continue as well as further defining the most effective means to transition from the nonruminant to ruminant phase while minimizing postweaning lag.There are a variety of feeding programs that can meet the goal of doubling calf birth weight at the end of 2 months of life. Feeding programs need to take into account the inverse relationship between mil/milk replacer and starter intakes. learn more Water is the most essential nutrient needed in the greatest quantity by calves. Water is consumed at about 4 times dry matter intake and should be fed warm during cold weather. Water and starter should be fed sooner and forage later than the 2014 NAHMS data indicate US dairy producers are doing.Vaccination is an important component for the prevention and control of disease in calves. Too often vaccines are viewed as a catch-all solution for management and nutrition errors; the "best" vaccine can never overcome these deficiencies. Proper vaccination in the young calf and developing heifer is the key to long-term development of a productive dairy cow. To actually immunize animals, animals must be able to respond to vaccines, which is dependent on the level of animal husbandry. Each vaccine program needs to be designed based on animal flow, actual "disease" threats, and labor on the farm.Rumen development from weaning, 200 pounds (91 kg) to 400 pounds (181.2 kg), is critical and depend on proper papillae development. Papillae development is tied to propionic and butyric acid production in the rumen, and this favors a diet based on concentrate. Forage intake produces acetic acid, which does not promote papillae development. Previous research illustrates that although increasing forage intake as a percentage of the dry matter diet increases rumen size, it shows a reduction in papillae length compared with diets containing a lower percentage of forage and a higher percentage of concentrate intake.CMR's should be composed primarily of milk proteins, lactose as the sole carbohydrate source, lipids composed of edible grade tallow or lard with consideration for medium-chain fatty acids derived from coconut oil that mimic those in milk fat and adequate vitamin and mineral nutrition. Spray-dried bovine plasma provides antibodies shown to reduce diarrhea and calf mortality and to effectively replace a significant portion of milk protein in the diet. Whole milk pasteurization must be intensely monitored to ensure it is consistently wholesome. Milk is deficient in vitamins and trace minerals.Cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrhea among preweaned dairy calves. In the United States, the most common species of Cryptosporidium found in dairy calves is Cryptosporidium parvum, an important zoonotic species. Cryptosporidiosis is spread by fecal-oral transmission. Calves begin shedding the oocysts as early as 2 days of age, with peak shedding occurring at 14 days of age. Diarrhea generally starts 3 to 4 days after ingestion of the oocysts. Risk factors for the disease include large dairy farms, summer months, feeding of milk replacer, and early feeding of starter grain. Concrete flooring and appropriate cleaning of feeding utensils decreases the risk of disease.Although diarrhea in dairy calves is common, it is not always due to bacteria. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens are the most commonly implicated bacteria, but an etiologic diagnosis should be sought before specific treatment is instituted. Nonspecific treatment such as fluid, electrolyte, and nutritional support should be accomplished while diagnostics are pending. Antimicrobials should not be a first-line therapy for calf diarrhea. Control measures are discussed.The use of beef bulls on dairy cattle has increased in the last 6 years. In fact, beef semen sales have more than doubled. Dairyman needs to capture real value for the beef on dairy cross calf, selection of beef sires that produce offspring that complement dairy cattle are needed, not simply the cheapest black bull in the tank. Those beef sires should be selected on calving ease, ribeye area, marbling, feed efficiency, fertility, polled, and an industry preference for black hided. Even more important, the use of beef on dairy has allowed dairy producers to manage replacement animal inventories.
To demonstrate the implementation and potential benefits of hysteroscopic removal, with or without concomitant laparoscopic assistance, of first-trimester cesarean scar pregnancies (CSPs).
Patients with prior cesarean deliveries may have scar formation at the muscular wall of the uterine isthmus, resulting in a cesarean scar defect (CSD), also known as an isthmocele or diverticulum. When implantation of a trophoblast occurs at the CSD, a CSP develops, and with progression onto higher gestational age, it carries risks for serious complications, such as placenta previa spectrum, life-threatening bleeding, uterine rupture, and cesarean hysterectomy. Therefore, early termination is often recommended. Given that the chorionic frondosum only penetrates the decidual basalis layer during the first trimester and does not invade the distal myometrial segment until early second trimester, operative hysteroscopy can be a reliable and efficient treatment modality for early intervention. This narrated video features thor preventing significant morbidities associated with advanced gestational age. Operative hysteroscopy offers the benefit of direct visualization for competent detachment of the decidua basalis of the CSP from the steep concavity of the CSD. Furthermore, the employment of laparoscopy for type II CSPs helps avoid inadvertent complications related to the thin RMT and allows concomitant repair of the extensive dehiscence.The purpose of this review is to educate the reader on the role that cryopreservation has played and continues to play in the ever-evolving field of assisted reproductive technologies, specifically in clinical human fertility treatment. We discuss the science behind the cryopreservation methods and investigated some of the major considerations that any clinic or cryobank faces in terms of risks and liabilities, physical challenges that accompany the constantly growing collection of cryopreserved specimens, and what this means on the ethical and legal front. Finally, we take a glimpse in the future to explore what may be on the horizon for the preservation of gametes and reproductive tissues.The increase in utilization and changing legal landscape has made the field of embryo and gamete cryopreservation fraught with potential future challenges and liabilities. Clinics should be aware of the current state of the science, potential legal ramifications of what is currently routine practice, and long-term ethical implications of our work.
Effectiveness of Intracanal Cryotherapy in Root Canal Therapy A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Durre Sadaf,Muhammad Zubair Ahmad,Igho J Onakpoya, J Endod. 2020 Dec;46(12)1811-1823.e1.
The authors did not claim any funding support.
Systematic review with meta-analysis.
Systematic review with meta-analysis.
To evaluate the levels of salivary cortisol in adults and children diagnosed with bruxism.
A search strategy was developed using the following terms "cortisol", "bruxism" and "sleep bruxism". These were searched in databases Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, LILACS and gray literature, for studies published until May 2020.
We obtained a total of six primary studies, involving 854 participants, who met the criteria and were included in the present study. The analysis cortisol levels shows a significant difference favourable to the control group 1.10 (95% CI 0.68-1.53), showing that patients with bruxism have higher values of salivary cortisol. Heterogeneity of I² = 4% (P = .31).
It was concluded that despite the different methodologies adopted for the collection and analysis of salivary content, this review found significant results of higher levels of salivary cortisol in adult patients with bruxism.
It was concluded that despite the different methodologies adopted for the collection and analysis of salivary content, this review found significant results of higher levels of salivary cortisol in adult patients with bruxism.
Sukriti KC. Wang XZ, Gallagher JE. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of host-derived salivary biomarkers in periodontal disease amongst adults Systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2020;47(3)289-308. doi10.1111/jcpe.13218.
Information not available.
Systematic review.
Systematic review.
To evaluate the effectiveness of CH as an intracanal medicament compared to no dressing and / or other intracanal medicaments to control postoperative pain in patients with apical periodontitis requiring primary root canal therapy.
We conducted electronic searches in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Cochrane Library, Open Gray, and Google Scholar. A structured Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome of the review was as follows Population adults who presented with apical periodontitis requiring primary root canal therapy; Intervention CH intracanal medicament; Comparison no dressing/other intracanal medicaments; Main Outcome Postoperative pain. We assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane criteria. Our outcome measures were intensity of pain on a validated scale reported as mean and standard deviation. We performed meta-analysis using the random-effects model. We rated the quality of evidence using GRADE.
We included 18 studies with 1192 participants. The overall risk of bias was moderate. We found a significant improvement in postoperative pain at 24hours in favor of CH over no intracanal medication (4 trials, n = 226 standardised mean difference -0.