Reassessment of the Columnea hidden viroid CLVd Taxonomic Classification

When processing particular polymers, it may be necessary to increase the molecular weight, for example, during polymer recycling or foaming. Chemical additives such as chain extenders (CE) are often used to build up the molecular weight during reactive extrusion. One issue of chain extenders, however, is that they can cause gelation or crosslinking of the polymer during processes with long residence times. This can lead to strong process fluctuations, undesired process shutdowns due to uncontrollable torque and pressure fluctuations and finally consistent material quality cannot be guaranteed. To measure and understand the reactivity between the polymer and the CE a rheological test can help. However, the standard gel point evaluation used for thermosets by examining the point of intersection of storage- and loss modules is not suitable, as this method is frequency-dependent. This study uses a multiwave rheology test to identify the gel-point more reliably. Both evaluation methods were compared on a polyamide 12 system, which is modified with an industrially relevant chain extender. The results show that the multiwave test can be applied on a chemical modified thermoplastic system and that the material system indicates a general tendency to crosslink. The frequency-independent gel-point evaluation shows that the gel-point itself is dependent on the processing temperature. Finally, it was possible to detect undesired side reactions, which are not recognizable with the standard testing method. Both findings are directly relevant for the reactive extrusion process and help to understand the mechanism of gelation.Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the life quality of many patients since its implementation. However, resistance mutations and the accumulation of severe side effects associated with cART remain enormous challenges that need to be addressed with the continual design and redesign of anti-HIV drugs. In this review, we focus on the importance of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein as the master coordinator of HIV-1 assembly and maturation and as an emerging drug target. Due to its multiple roles in the HIV-1 life cycle, the individual Gag domains are attractive but also challenging targets for inhibitor design. However, recent encouraging developments in targeting the Gag domains such as the capsid protein with highly potent and potentially long-acting inhibitors, as well as the exploration and successful targeting of challenging HIV-1 proteins such as the matrix protein, have demonstrated the therapeutic viability of this important protein. Such Gag-directed inhibitors have great potential for combating the AIDS pandemic and to be useful tools to dissect HIV-1 biology.Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (CaPsol), is the most widespread disease of the grapevine yellows complex worldwide. In this work, BN epidemiology was investigated in a case study vineyard where an unusual CaPsol strain, previously detected only in other host plants, was found to be prevalent in grapevine. Experimental activities included symptom observation; sampling of symptomatic vines, Auchenorrhyncha specimens, and weeds; molecular detection and typing of CaPsol strains; statistical analyses for determining possible relationships between CaPsol relative concentration, strain type, and symptom severity. Among insects, Reptalus quinquecostatus was the most abundant and was found to be highly infected by CaPsol, while Hyalesthes obsoletus, the main CaPsol vector, was not caught. Moreover, R. quinquecostatus harbored CaPsol strains carrying uniquely the stamp sequence variant St10, also identified as prevalent in vines and in the majority of weeds, and all the secY variants identified in the vineyard. MEDICA16 Statistical analyses revealed that CaPsol strains carrying the St10 variant are not associated with severe symptoms, suggesting their possible moderate virulence. Based on such evidence, a new BN epidemiological pattern related to these CaPsol strains and involving grapevine, R. quinquecostatus, and/or weeds is proposed. Furthermore, the possible presence of other players (vectors and weeds) involved in CaPsol transmission to grapevines was highlighted.Recycled newspaper (NP)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) laminated composite can reach the physical and mechanical criteria for most industrial applications, which shows the potential of using solid-state waste paper in engineering materials. Herein, the effects of splicing pattern and size on the physical and mechanical properties of the laminated composite were investigated with the ultimate purpose to fabricate a large-scaleale composite. The laminated composite with a stair-like splicing had better physical and mechanical properties than that with a vertical splicing. An efficient stress transfer could be guaranteed when the distance between the two adjacent junctions were greater than a critical proportion of 1/32 of the length at longitudinal direction. The tensile and flexural properties of the large-scaleale composite with a stair-like splicing, which was fabricated at the splicing ratio of 1/32, were 109 ± 4.2 MPa (MOR), 9836 ± 411 MPa (MOE), 119 ± 7.1 MPa (MOR) and 10002 MPa ± 347 (MOE).Lowering intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is being advocated as an obesity prevention strategy in Australia. The purpose of this study was to extend on previous reports of trends in national volume sales of SSBs. Data were extracted from commercially available datasets of beverage sales (AC Nielsen (1997-2011) and IRI Australia (2009-2018)). Linear regression was used to examine trends for the period 1997 to 2018. Per capita attribution of volume sales and sugar contribution was estimated by dividing by the Australian resident population for the relevant year. Per capita volume sales of SSBs fell 27%, from 83L/person to 61L/person, largely driven by declining sales of sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks (76 to 45L/person). Volume sales of non-SSB increased, from 48 to 88L/person, the largest contributor being pure unflavoured still waters (6 to 48L/person). Volume sales of non-SSBs have exceeded those of SSBs since 2015. The yearly contribution of SSBs to the sugar content of the national diet declined from 9.