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Dietary supplementation with bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) concentrates has recently emerged as a possible means to improve the health of infants and young children, or defense against infections. We identified 5 double-blind, randomized, controlled trials (DBRCT) exploring the effects of supplementing the diet of infants and children with bovine MFGM concentrates on infections. We reviewed 3 studies which found a protective effect against infections at different ages during infancy and early childhood. Two of them have reported effects on the metabolome, and 1 study also on the microbiome and lipidome. MFGM supplementation had moderate, albeit interesting, effects on the oral and fecal microbiome, fecal and serum/plasma metabolome, and serum and erythrocyte membrane lipidome, which also are reviewed. We conclude that studies on MFGM supplementation during infancy and childhood indicate positive effects on the defense against infections and other outcomes, but more high-quality DBRCTs with well-defined MFGM fractions and outcome measures are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn. © 2020 Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG, Basel.The human mammary gland is an integral effector component of the common mucosal immune system. However, from physiological and immunological aspects, it displays several unique features not shared by other mucosal sites. TPEN The development, maturation, and activity of the mammary gland exhibits a strong hormonal dependence. Furthermore, in comparison to the intestinal and respiratory tracts, the mammary gland is not colonized by high numbers of bacteria of enormous diversity and does not contain mucosal inductive sites analogous to the intestinal Peyer's patches. Consequently, when exposed to antigens, local or generalized immune responses are low or not present. Comparative evaluations of various immunization routes effective in the induction of antibodies in human milk are limited. Systemic immunization induces IgG antibodies in plasma, but due to the low levels of total IgG in human milk, their protective effect remains unknown. Oral or intranasal immunization or infection induces secretory IgA in milk, as demonstrated in several studies. Other routes of mucosal immunization, such as sublingual or rectal exposure effective in the induction of antibodies in various external secretions, have not been explored in the mammary gland. Because secretory IgA in milk displays protective functions, alternative immunization routes and antigen delivery systems should be explored. © 2020 Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG, Basel.Norovirus infections belong to the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide, and epidemic outbreaks are responsible for hundreds of thousands deaths annually. Strikingly, no antiviral treatment is available due to the difficulty in cultivating virions or in generating a vaccine, and due to the fact that their infection mechanisms are poorly understood. However, there is consent that noroviruses bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on their way through the digestive tract. The HBGA profiles vary individually, making people more or less susceptible to different norovirus strains. In our current work, we tried to decipher the HBGA specificity of the most prevalent and clinically relevant norovirus GII.4 subfamily (Sydney 2012, JX459908) and its preferences for human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) as potential anti-infectives. The structural evidence provided can explain at the molecular level why individuals with certain blood groups are at higher risk of infection, and how these infections may be prevented and treated by application of food additives. A central finding was that low-affinity binding of HMOs is surpassed by high-avidity binding of multivalent oligo- and polyfucoses as found in algal polysaccharides (fucoidans). Insight into structural details of fucoidans and their impact on noroviral-blocking efficiency is provided and discussed. © 2020 Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG, Basel.Human milk is a unique and complex secretion differing from lacteal secretions of other species. Besides nutrition, it provides protection during the newborn's adaption to the extrauterine environment and reduces the morbidity and mortality caused by both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Its components act directly against infectious agents, but they also accelerate the newborn's immune system development, increasing its capacity for defense and reducing the risk of allergy and other immune-related diseases. Cytokines show the most refined immunomodulatory effects, but oligosaccharides, hormones, and other components affect the newborn's immunity as well. Furthermore, milk components substantially affect the microbial colonization of infant mucosa, which substantially influences the development of all parts of the immune system. All these components act primarily locally, on the mucosal membranes, preventing the penetration of microbes and other antigenic components into the circulation thus ensuring effective defense without the damaging inflammation. Human lacteal secretions contain a number of live cells. Although there are no major differences in the cytokine production between allergic and healthy mothers, they are able to respond to multiple stimuli. By increasing happiness, boosting protective immunity, and decreasing the risk of breast cancer, breastfeeding may have multiple benefits for the mother as well. © 2020 Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG, Basel.We study the engulfment of ellipsoidal nanoparticles by membranes. It has been previously predicted that wrapping by the membrane can induce reorientation of the particle, however, previous studies only considered the wrapping process constrained to either side-oriented or tip-oriented particles. In contrast, we consider here the full two-dimensional energy landscape for engulfment, where the two degrees of freedom represent (i) the amount of wrapping and (ii) the particle orientation. In this way, we obtain access to the stability limits of the differently-oriented states, as well as to the energy barriers between them. We find that prolate and oblate particles undergo qualitatively different engulfment transitions, and show that the initial orientation of the particle at first contact with the membrane influences its fate. Creative Commons Attribution license.