Sevenmembered Cyclic Potassium Diamidoalumanyls

This study assessed potential risk factors associated with introduction of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) into dairy cattle herds in the Galicia region, northwestern Spain. The study was carried out with data collected from 93 dairies enrolled in a voluntary MAP control program. Information on potential risk factors was obtained through personal interviews with the farmers and veterinarians in charge of the control program of each farm. In addition, blood samples were taken annually over 2 years from cows on the farms in the program, and analyzed with a commercial ELISA to detect antibodies to MAP. Fecal samples of all ELISA-positive cows were analyzed using PCR. Based on χ2 test and Fisher's exact test, purchase practices, shared manure truck, shared materials, and visitors per month who contacted animals were found to be significantly associated with farm MAP infection status. Multiple logistic regression indicated that purchase practices and herd size (included as a potential confounder) are the variables that best predict MAP status.Our previously published paper demonstrated that fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) supplementation improved feed efficiency and metabolic profile in postpartum dairy cows. The objective of this study was to further explore the effects of FACW supplementation on liver triglyceride content, hepatic gene expression and protein abundance, and plasma biomarkers related to liver function, inflammation, and damage. Individually fed multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by calving date and randomly assigned to postpartum (1 to 45 d in milk, DIM) isonitrogenous treatments control diet (n = 20) or diet supplemented with FACW (2.9% dry matter of diet as GlucoBoost; Fermented Nutrition, Luxemburg, WI, replacing soybean meal; n = 19). Liver biopsies were performed at 14 and 28 DIM for analysis of mRNA expression, protein abundance, and liver triglyceride content. There was marginal evidence for a reduction in liver triglyceride content at 14 DIM in FACW-supplemented cows compared with the control group. Cows supsulting in greater gluconeogenesis between 3 and 14 DIM. Greater hepatic PCPCK1 ratio, together with previously reported decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and the marginal evidence for lower liver triglyceride content at 14 DIM, suggests greater hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of fatty acids in FACW-supplemented cows compared with control. Overall, improvements in metabolite profile and feed efficiency observed with postpartum supplementation of FACW may be attributed to increased gluconeogenic and anaplerotic precursors, most likely propionate, due to modulated rumen fermentation.The objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations among milk fatty acid (FA) concentrations in New Zealand dairy cattle. Concentrations of each of the most common FA, expressed as a percentage of the total FA, were determined by gas chromatography on a specific cohort of animals. Using this data set, prediction equations were derived using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy data collected from the same samples. These prediction equations were applied to a large data set of MIR measurements in 34,141 milk samples from 3,445 Holstein-Friesian, 2,935 Jersey, and 3,609 crossbred Holstein-Friesian × Jersey cows, sampled an average of 3.42 times during the 2007-2008 season. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate repeatability animal models. Heritability of predicted FA concentration in milk fat ranged from 0.21 to 0.42, indicating that genetic selection could be used to change the FA composition of milk. The de novo synthesized FA (C60, C80, C100, C120, and C140) showed strong positive genetic correlations with each other, ranging from 0.24 to 0.99. Saturated FA were negatively correlated with unsaturated (-0.93) and polyunsaturated (-0.84) FA. The saturated FA were positively correlated with milk fat yield and fat percentage, whereas the unsaturated FA were negatively associated with fat yield and fat percentage. Anlotinib order Our results indicate that bovine milk FA composition can be changed through genetic selection using MIR as a phenotypic proxy.Availability of longitudinal body weight (BW) records allows the application of nonlinear models (NLINM) to predict phenotypic and genomic growth curves in dairy cattle. In this regard, we considered a data set including 31,722 BW records from 4,952 female Holstein cattle, during the period from birth (mo 0) to approximately age at first calving (mo 24). Parameters of the growth curves were estimated using 3 NLINM the logistic (LOG), the Gompertz (GOM), and the Richards (RICH) functions. Residuals for the growth curve parameters from the NLINM applications were used as pseudo-phenotypes in the ongoing genomic analyses with different similarity matrices, including 2 genomic relationship matrices (G1 and G2), a combined pedigree and genomic relationship matrix (H), and 3 kernel matrices. The kernels were a weighted "alike by state" kernel function (K1), an exponential dissimilarity kernel (K2), and a Gaussian kernel (K3). On the basis of G1 and G2 matrices, genomic heritabilities for the growth curve parametersle cattle. Considering all genotyped female cattle with pseudo-phenotypes, prediction accuracies were larger from RICH than from LOG and GOM. However, differences in prediction accuracies from the NLINM × similarity matrix combinations were quite small. Accordingly, in 5-fold cross-validations using heifer groups with masked phenotypes, very similar prediction accuracies across modeling approaches were identified. Especially for specific age months, genomic growth curve predictions were more accurate for sires than for female cattle, indicating that the relationships between animals in training and validation sets are more important than the selection of specific NLINM × similarity matrix combinations.Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the timing of artificial insemination (AI) and incorporation of the Slo3 K+ channel blocker 4-(4-chlorophenyl)butyl-diethyl-heptylammonium to semen extender (CSE) on pregnancy per AI (P/AI) and pregnancy loss in dairy heifers. In experiment 1, Holstein heifers were subjected to the 5-d CIDR-Synch protocol d -8 GnRH and controlled internal drug-release device (CIDR); d -3 PGF2α and CIDR removal; d -2 PGF2α; d 0 GnRH) and assigned randomly to receive timed AI with control semen on d 0 (72-CON; n = 104), control semen on d -1 (48-CON; n = 100), or CSE-treated semen on d -1 (48-CSE; n = 98). Heifers were fitted with collar-mounted automated estrus detection devices to monitor physical activity and rumination. In experiment 2, Holstein heifers were subjected to the 5-d CIDR-Synch protocol and received a mount detection patch at the first PGF2α injection. Heifers detected in estrus before d 0 were inseminated on the same day, whereas those not detected in estrus received the second GnRH injection and timed AI on d 0.