Goldilocks mastectomy

0 and 0.42 mg kg-1 dw, respectively), while L. scabrum and M. procera a source of Cu. Consumption of the studied mushrooms would not lead to significant exposure to Al, As, Cr, or Ni. Considering that wild mushrooms will continue to be collected in Poland, one should bear in mind that they are a limited source of minerals in the human diet while their frequent, regular consumption, associated with exposure to selected toxic elements, should not be recommended.Both organic and inorganic precursors play important roles in the formation and speciation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of three different anion exchange resins for removing both organic and inorganic DBP precursors simultaneously in a single treatment system. Resins in the single (Purolite®-Br, MIEX®-Br, and MIEX®-Gold) and mixed (Purolite®-Br with MIEX®-Gold and MIEX®-Br with MIEX®-Gold) application modes were tested and compared for the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), bromide (Br-), and iodide (I-) from a raw source water and a treated wastewater effluent. Uniform formation condition (UFC) tests were conducted to measure the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA9), haloacetonitriles (HAN6), and total organic halides (TOX) total organic chlorine (TOCl), total organic bromine (TOBr), and total organic iodine (TOI) before and after the anion exchange resin treatments. The anion exchange treatment substantially lowered the DOC, UV254 absorbing matter, dissolved nitrogen (DN), Br-, and I-. Consequently, the formation of THM4, HAA9, HAN6, and TOX in the examined chlorinated water samples were reduced significantly. The maximum reduction in THM4 and TOX (66-69% and 61%, respectively) from wastewater effluent was achieved by the mixed resin system, which also reduced the THM4 and TOX by 77% and 77%, respectively, from raw source water. Overall, mixed resin systems (a DOC-selective and a Br-selective resin) resulted in lower amounts of THM4 and HAA9 formation during subsequent chlorination with lower bromine incorporation as compared to single resin systems. Furthermore, they exhibited lower TOBr formation, while TOI formation was not detected.In this study, bamboo residues derived functional hydrochar microspheres have been fabricated by different acids-assisted hydrothermal carbonization including hydrochloric aicd, sulfuric acid or nitric acid.The energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that sulfur- and nitrogen-containing functional groups were grafted on the surface of hydrochar microspheres, respectively. Elemental analysis indicates that the addition of acids has a significant influence on the hydrothermal reaction pathway and promotes the hydrolysis process. When the hydrothermal carbonization temperature is 220 °C, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid can effectively overcome the agglomeration of hydrochar microspheres and form single micron carbon sphere. Irregularly shaped hydrochar particles groups were formed during sulfuric acid-assisted hydrothermal treatment. The results indicate the viability of acid assisted hydrothermal carbonization to produce the functional hydrochar microsphere using bamboo residues.An efficient iron-manganese modified biochar (FMBC) was successfully synthesized as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst through easy post-modification and applied for degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers (ortho, para, and meta), and styrene (BTEXS) in the presence of H2O2. The catalyst was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. The effects of H2O2 concentration, FMBC dose, and initial pH on BTEXS degradation were also investigated. Results showed that degradation efficiency of FMBC for individual BTEXS varied from 83.05% to 94.12% in 3 h. Kinetic analysis showed that a first-order kinetic model with respect to BTEXS concentration could be used to explain the BTEXS degradation for FMBC/H2O2 system. The degradation reaction was more suitable in a wide pH range (3-10) than those in previous studies, thereby overcoming the low-efficiency problem of conventional Fenton reaction at high pH. Moreover, the doses of FMBC and H2O2 are a crucial factor affecting BTEXS degradation. Radical scavenger experiments revealed that ∙OH, ∙O2-, and 1O2 participated in the degradation process, and ∙OH was the major contributor. The synthesized catalyst is durable with stable BTEXS removal efficiency after seven consecutive cycles. The removal efficiency of BTEXS by FMBC in produced water reached 93.23% in 12 h, indicating FMBC has practical value.We investigated the adsorption mechanisms for removing fluoride based on experimental and modeling studies. Lanthanum-aluminum perovskite was designed for treating wastewater contaminated by fluoride. A fluorine-species model was developed to calculate the concentrations of different species of fluorine F-, HF, HF2-. Multiple kinetic models were examined and the pseudo-second order model was found the best to fit the experimental data, implying fast-chemisorption. The thermodynamic data were fitted by the Langmuir model and Freundlich model at different temperatures, indicating heterogeneous adsorption at low temperature and homogeneous adsorption at high temperature. The La2Al4O9 material had less influence from negative ions when adsorbing fluoride. The adsorption mechanisms were further studied using experiments and Density Functional Theory calculations. The adsorption experiments could be attributed to the lattice plane (1 2 1) and La, O, Al sites. More Al sites were required than La sites for the increase of fluoride concentration. By contrast, more La sites than Al sites were needed for increased pH.Highly ordered periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with large-pores (9.3 nm) synthesized using novel and cost-effective route. The synthesized PMO was then functionalized by p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and incorporated in polyethersulfone (PES) nanofiltration membrane with various dosage using phase inversion method. The prepared membranes were characterized with FT-IR/ATR, FE-SEM and EDX techniques. The overall porosity, the mean of pore radius, water contact angle, fouling, permeation, and rejection were computed. As a result, the hydrophilicity and the pure water flux of membranes were significantly enhanced after modification with PMO-PPD due to its high hydrophilic nature as nanofiller. Ultimately, the modified membrane with 0.25 wt% of PPD was found the ideal membrane with water contact angle of 54.2%, pure water flux of 33.7 L/m2 h, porosity of 74.1%, and mean pore radius of 4.96 nm. This membrane showed the maximum increase in water flux and superlative anti-fouling growth when compared to the other studied membranes. Moreover, among modified membranes with various quantity of PPD, the performance of the PES-PMO-PPD 0.25 wt% was the best for rejection of MO dye (96.7%), Pb(II) (93.1%), Na2SO4 (73.0%), MgSO4 (41.6%), and NaCl (33.7%).Polystyrene foam (expanded and extruded polystyrene EPS and XPS, respectively) is a ubiquitous and pervasive type of marine plastic whose physical properties, transport and fate are distinctly different to those of other common (unfoamed) types of thermoplastic litter. In this study, a range of fragments of EPS and XPS retrieved from three beaches in southwest England have been characterised by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry in order to examine the chemical makeup and potential biological and geochemical impacts and interactions of this type of plastic waste. Analyses performed through sample faces and, in some cases and after dissection, through the material core, revealed variable concentrations of Fe, Ti and Zn among the fragments and, in many instances, within the same sample. selleckchem This likely reflects the presence of reaction residues and pigments arising from the manufacture of polystyrene, and, for Fe and Ti, significant and heterogeneous ion and mineral acquisition from the environment during transport in suspension or while beached. Acquired oxides of Fe are partly responsible for the chemical fouling observed on the face of most samples and are able to act as an adsorbent for other metals, like Pb. Detection of Br in many fragments up to concentrations of 11,500 mg kg-1 likely results from the incorporation of the flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane, in EPS and XPS designed for (but not necessarily limited to) the construction sector. These observations suggest that EPS and XPS can act as both a source and sink for contaminants in the marine environment that merit further investigation.Polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are highly toxic contaminants that are strictly regulated and monitored in the environment and food to reduce human exposure. Recently, the increasing occurrence of polybrominated dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the environment is raising concerns about the impact on human health by the combined exposure to chlorinated and brominated analogues of dioxins. Toxicological properties of PBDD/Fs relative to PCDD/Fs have not been firmly established, and brominated dioxins are not included in routine monitoring programs. In this study, we set out to determine human-relevant congener-specific potency values for a range of brominated and chlorinated dioxin congeners, based on their aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated mode of toxic action. Transactivation of the AhR was measured using dioxin-responsive (DR) CALUX reporter gene assays. Because of known species-differences in dioxin-mediated toxicity, we developed and used a HepG2 human liver cell-based DR human CALUX assay that is a variant of the rodent-based DR CALUX. The assay was found to be highly inducible and stable, with low variations between independent measurements. Using both DR CALUX assays in an automated high-throughput mode we found that overall PBDD/Fs were as potent as PCDD/Fs in inducing AhR transactivation, but congener-specific differences were observed. We also observed species-specific differences in sensitivity and potency when comparing DR human REP values to those obtained in the rat-based DR CALUX. Finally, we observed significant differences between WHO-TEF values and DR human REP values, suggesting that actual WHO-TEF values may underestimate the hazards associated with exposure of humans to dioxins.Soil contaminated by combinations of heavy metals and organic pollutants has become an increasingly prominent environmental issue. Developing efficient technologies to synchronously decontaminate such co-contaminated sites is challenging and imperative. In our previous study for the treatment of Copper (Cu) and pyrene contaminated soil, electrokinetics (EK) coupled acidic permanganate (PM) performed best for degradation of pyrene near the injection spot, but it unfortunately prevented the migration of Cu. In order to further enhance the removal efficiency of these contaminants, in this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of delivering PM by EK under regular refreshment of acidoxidant along with amplification of voltage gradient. The results showed that PM can be transported from cathode to anode to S2 section (near the anode) with a slow mass transfer rate via electromigration and reversed electroosmotic flow, and further delivery was achieved when Cu and pyrene were coexisted.