Compound Depiction as well as AntiInflammatory Activity of Phytoconstituents via Swertia alata

Over the past few years, the innovative field of magnifying endoscopy has been expanding with various cutting-edge technologies, one of which is endocytoscopy, to facilitate improvement in the detection and diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions. Endocytoscopy is a novel ultra-high magnification endoscopic technique enabling high-quality in-vivo assessment of lesions found in the gastrointestinal tract with the use of intraprocedural stains. The main scope of this review article is to offer a closer look at the latest endocytoscopic technology and its clinical application in the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially in the esophagus and stomach, as well as to introduce readers to our simplified and up-to-date endocytoscopic classification, specifically developed for the esophagus and stomach, for the in-vivo assessment and diagnosis of esophageal and gastric lesions. Despite the good accuracy of endocytoscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric lesions in recent studies, some challenges still remain (e.g., staining method and standardized endocytoscopic classification). Through continuous evaluation and improvement of methods and skills, these challenges may be overcome thus establishing current techniques and classification, paving the way for further advances in the field of endocytoscopy and magnifying endoscopy. In all, endocytoscopy seems to aid in the in-vivo diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract lesions and may, in the future, revolutionize the field of in-vivo endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer, representing another step towards the so-called optical biopsy. 2020 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the condition where intestinal metaplastic changes are found in the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus predisposing an individual to dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). It tends to affect males and is often the result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The current standard of therapy for diagnosing Barrett's is white light endoscopy (WLE) with biopsies obtained using the Seattle protocol. Multiple newer advanced modalities have been developed to improve diagnostic abilities, including volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE). This technique utilizes second generation optical coherence tomography (OCT) to provide an enhanced circumferential image to a depth of 3 mm with the potential for improved diagnostic yield for dysplasia, particularly submucosal lesions or lesions not seen by WLE. 3,4-dihydroxy-benzohydroxamic acid It has also been evaluated in guiding mapping of endotherapy as well as post therapy surveillance for recurrence. Although the results have been promising when used with current diagnostic standards, overall data are limited to support the routine use of VLE. 2020 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is associated with a high short-term mortality. Currently, most transplant centers require minimum six months of abstinence from alcohol use before considering liver transplant for patients with end stage liver disease. Some recent data are emerging on the benefits and safety of early liver transplantation for patients with severe AH, a population who cannot meet the minimum six months sobriety. This article reviews the current status, benefits, challenges, barriers, and future prospects on early liver transplantation in patients with severe, acute AH. 2020 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.Hereditary iron overload includes several disorders characterized by iron accumulation in tissues, organs, or even single cells or subcellular compartments. They are determined by mutations in genes directly involved in hepcidin regulation, cellular iron uptake, management and export, iron transport and storage. Systemic forms are characterized by increased serum ferritin with or without high transferrin saturation, and with or without functional iron deficient anemia. Hemochromatosis includes five different genetic forms all characterized by high transferrin saturation and serum ferritin, but with different penetrance and expression. Mutations in HFE, HFE2, HAMP and TFR2 lead to inadequate or severely reduced hepcidin synthesis that, in turn, induces increased intestinal iron absorption and macrophage iron release leading to tissue iron overload. The severity of hepcidin down-regulation defines the severity of iron overload and clinical complications. Hemochromatosis type 4 is caused by dominant gain-of-funclators. Specific therapeutic options are indicated in patients with atransferrinemia, DMT1 deficiency and aceruloplasminemia. 2020 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the fastest growing indication for liver transplant (LT)worldwide and is deemed to be the foremost indication in the near future. Recurrence of NASH can occur post LT and has been observed to be a common phenomenon. Baseline metabolic co-morbidities and worsening of metabolic profile post LT are the principal drivers of NASH recurrence. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis. However, noninvasive methods including transient elastography (TE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seem to be promising. The implications of recurrent NASH on post LT outcomes, graft steatosis, progression to fibrosis, overall survival, and cardiovascular associations warrant careful evaluation. Control of metabolic parameters and weight gain along with tailored immunosuppression remain the cornerstone of management. Extrapolation of the ever-increasing armamentarium of NASH pharmacotherapy specifically in this population of recurrent NAFLD remains a challenge for the future. 2020 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.Liver has a central role in protein and lipid metabolism, and diseases involving hepatocytes have often repercussions on multiple organs and systems. Hepatic disorders are frequently characterized by production of defective or non-functional proteins, and traditional gene therapy approaches have been attempted for years to restore adequate protein levels through delivery of transgenes. Recently, many different genome editing platforms have been developed aimed at correcting at DNA level the defects underlying the diseases. In this Review we discuss the latest applications of these tools applied to develop therapeutic strategies for rare liver disorders, in particular updating the literature with the most recent strategies relying on base editors technology. 2020 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.