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The Authors.Despite recent attention to "frontier" green economies and the governance of emerging ecosystem services, the specific division of labour in these economies has been little studied. As many such initiatives are in the global South, labour's marginality potentially contributes to the existing precariousness of those who are more often identified as "participants". DNA Damage inhibitor This article examines the roles and vulnerabilities of these actors the carbon counters, species identifiers, GIS mappers, tree planters and others operating in the shadows. We draw on current understandings of labour and precarity to examine the geographical contours of an apparent and emerging "eco-precariat" a socio-economically diverse group of labourers that address the volatile demands of an ever-expanding environmental service-based economy. We illustrate our analysis drawing on examples from a Blue Carbon project in Kenya, ecosystem services project in the Philippines, and REDD+ scheme in Cambodia. We use these examples to theorise the nature of labour in these frontier economies and put forward a framework for analysing the eco-precariat. We highlight the need to understand the precarity and marginalisation potentially created by this green division of labour in the provision of new ecosystem products and services. This framework contributes to ongoing analyses of labour as a central part of the green economy discourse and to larger discussions in the geographies of labour literature around the future of work in the global South and beyond. © 2020 The Authors. Antipode published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Antipode Foundation Ltd.Gas ebullition from aquatic systems to the atmosphere represents a potentially important fraction of primary production that goes unquantified by measurements of dissolved gas concentrations. Although gas ebullition from photosynthetic surfaces has often been observed, it is rarely quantified. The resulting underestimation of photosynthetic activity may significantly bias the determination of ecosystem trophic status and estimated rates of biogeochemical cycling from in situ measures of dissolved oxygen. Here, we quantified gas ebullition rates in Zostera marina meadows in Virginia, U.S.A. using simple funnel traps and analyzed the oxygen concentration and isotopic composition of the captured gas. Maximum hourly rates of oxygen ebullition (3.0 mmol oxygen m-2 h-1) were observed during the coincidence of high irradiance and low tides, particularly in the afternoon when oxygen and temperature maxima occurred. The daily ebullition fluxes (up to 11 mmol oxygen m-2 d-1) were roughly equivalent to net primary production rates determined from dissolved oxygen measurements indicating that bubble ebullition can represent a major component of primary production that is not commonly included in ecosystem-scale estimates. Oxygen content comprised 20-40% of the captured bubble gas volume and correlated negatively with its δ18O values, consistent with a predominance of mixing between the higher δ18O of atmospheric oxygen in equilibrium with seawater and the lower δ18O of oxygen derived from photosynthesis. Thus, future studies interested in the metabolism of highly productive, shallow water ecosystems, and particularly those measuring in situ oxygen flux, should not ignore the bubble formation and ebullition processes described here. © 2019 The Authors. Limnology and Oceanography published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography.Wildlife vaccination is an important tool for managing the burden of infectious disease in human populations, domesticated livestock and various iconic wildlife. Although substantial progress has been made in the field of vaccine designs for wildlife, there is a gap in our understanding of how to time wildlife vaccination, relative to host demography, to best protect a population.We use a mathematical model and computer simulations to assess the outcomes of vaccination campaigns that deploy vaccines once per annual population cycle.Optimal timing of vaccination is an important consideration in animals with short to intermediate life spans and a short birthing season. Vaccines that are deployed shortly after the birthing season best protect the host population.The importance of timing is greater in wildlife pathogens that have a high rate of transmission and a short recovery period. Vaccinating at the end of the birthing season best reduces the mean abundance of pathogen-infected hosts. Delaying vaccination until later in the year can facilitate pathogen elimination. Policy Implications. Tuning wildlife vaccination campaigns to host demography and pathogen traits can substantially increase the effectiveness of a campaign. Our results suggest that, for a fluctuating population, vaccinating at, or shortly after, the end of the birthing season, best protects the population against an invading pathogen. If the pathogen is already endemic, delaying vaccination until after the birthing season is over can help facilitate pathogen elimination. Our results highlight the need to better understand and predict host demography in wildlife populations that are targeted for vaccination. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.Capnography and end tidal CO2 (EtCO2) aids the anaesthesiologist in diagnosing problems during all phases of general anaesthesia. Negative arterial to end-tidal carbon-dioxide gradient during anaesthesia has been reported in various conditions including pregnancy, infants and inadvertent exogenous addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the expired gas in case of thoracoscopic procedures with iatrogenic injury to lung parenchyma/bronchial tree. Thus, airway injury or intentional opening of airway as a part of surgical step can be diagnosed using a negative arterial and end tidal CO2 gradient. Higher optimal PEEP can be used as a splint across the bronchial cuff in one-lung ventilation which prevents leak from capnothorax and decrease inadvertent entry of CO2 in to the expired gases which erroneously increase arteriolar to end tidal CO2 gradient. Copyright © 2020 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.New approaches to bariatric surgery aim to achieve stress-free anaesthesia with sympathetic stability to protect organs and provide sufficient tissue perfusion, analgesia and rapid emergence. Opioid-free and multimodal approaches to anaesthesia provide intra- and post-operative sedation and analgesia, particularly advantageous in morbidly obese patients, but their feasibility and efficacy are still disputed. We describe the case of a female patient proposed for laparoscopic bariatric surgery, conducted under an opioid-free anaesthesia protocol, the haemodynamic, ventilatory and analgesic control, and intra- and post-operative monitoring and complications. Copyright © 2020 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.Perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is an important indicator of outcome after noncardiac surgery. Identifying patients at risk of PMI helps in risk stratification and modification. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is an established diagnostic modality for detection and prognostication of coronary artery disease (CAD). We report a case wherein preoperative MPI was negative for CAD but patient presented with acute coronary event in the postoperative period. We identify and evaluate the reasons for the failure of MPI in detection of CAD in our patient. Copyright © 2020 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.Background and Aims Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalational agent denotes the requirement of it to maintain adequate plane of general anaesthesia. The precision to the maintenance of anaesthesia can be further guided by use of entropy to titrate the depth of anaesthesia. Regional anaesthesia and the concomitant deafferentation will decrease the need of general anaesthetics. We conducted a randomised double-blind trial to quantify the effect of addition of regional anaesthesia to sevoflurane based general anaesthesia technique guided by entropy to achieve satisfactory depth of anaesthesia. Methods Forty patients posted for elective laparotomies were randomised to two groups. All patients received a bolus followed by an epidural infusion. Group GE (general anaesthesia + epidural bupivacaine) received 0.25% epidural bupivacaine and Group GS received epidural saline. Both groups received narcotic, relaxant and sevoflurane anaesthesia guided by entropy monitoring. The state entropy (SE) was maintained at 40-60 by titrating end tidal sevoflurane concentration (ETsevo). Heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2, end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and sevoflurane were recorded. Results Both groups were similar in heart rate and mean blood pressure during anaesthesia maintenance. The minimum ETSevo required to maintain entropy between 40 and 60 in group GE was 0.53% compared to 0.95% in group GS the epidural saline group (P less then 0.001). The end-tidal sevoflurane requirement to maintain adequate depth of anaesthesia dropped by 44.2% in group GE. Conclusion Lower concentrations of volatile anaesthetic are required when entropy-guided general anaesthesia is combined with regional blockade. Copyright © 2020 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.Background and Aims Supraglottic airways (SGAs) should have good oropharyngeal seal pressures (OSP) for adequate ventilation and prevention of aspiration. Our aim was to study the effect of lateral position on OSP and thereby on ventilatory parameters for i-gel® and ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) in children. Methods In this prospective observational study, 86 children of ASA I-II, aged 1 month to 12 years, scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia using i-gel® or PLMA and requiring lateral position either for surgery or regional blocks were included. In both supine and lateral position OSP (constant flow method), expired tidal volume, fractional volume loss (%), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) were noted. Intragroup and intergroup difference in OSP from supine to lateral position was analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test respectively. Results In lateral position, there was a significant decrease in the OSP (cm H2O) in both i-gel® (supine 21.94 ± 5.82, lateral 15.54 ± 5.37) and PLMA (supine 17.53 ± 5.05, lateral 12.76 ± 3.37) groups (P = 0.000). Percentage reduction in OSP from supine to lateral with i-gel® (28.14 ± 18.86) and PLMA (24.06 ± 19.75) were comparable (P = 0.339). With both i-gel® and PLMA significant increase in fractional volume loss and ETCO2 were noted in lateral position. I-gel® group had higher OSP compared to PLMA in supine (P = 0.001) and lateral position (P = 0.009). Conclusion In lateral position there was significant reduction in OSP compared to supine position with both i-gel® and PLMA. Copyright © 2020 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.Background and Aims Several regional anaesthesia techniques have been described for carcinoma of the breast surgeries in the past but all of them failed to provide adequate surgical anaesthesia and are associated with multiple complications, thus limiting their use. This prospective study was designed to assess the efficacy of erector spinae plane (ESP) block to provide complete surgical anaesthesia without general anaesthesia (GA) and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgery. Methods Thirty females of the American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I, II or III scheduled for MRM were included in the study to receive unilateral ultrasound-guided ESP block preoperatively (25 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with dexamethasone 8 mg on the operating side). The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of ESP block to provide complete surgical anaesthesia in terms of total number of cases converted to GA. Results Our study shows that ultrasound-guided single-shot ESP block provided complete surgical anaesthesia in all the patients within an average of 31.