Excess estrogen receptor signaling within postnatal mammary development and busts malignancies

The objective of this review is to systematically examine the effectiveness of early adjuvant amniotic membrane transplant versus standard antimicrobial therapy for infectious keratitis.
Infectious keratitis is a major cause of corneal blindness worldwide. Broad-spectrum topical antimicrobial therapy is currently the gold standard for treatment. Amniotic membrane transplant has been employed as an adjuvant therapy to promote corneal healing; however, high-quality evidence is limited.
This review will consider studies that include patients of all ages with all types of infectious keratitis, including bacterial, fungal, viral, acanthamoeba, mixed, and culture-negative presumed infectious keratitis. Linsitinib clinical trial The authors will exclude patients who have undergone other types of primary surgery other than amniotic membrane transplant during the initial management and those who had less than seven days' follow-up from the commencement of the treatment.
Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and relevant registries, will be searched for pertinent studies. Titles, abstract, and full text of the relevant studies will be independently assessed by two reviewers. Extracted data will include authors, year of publication, sample size, types of amniotic membrane transplant techniques, types of causative microorganisms, main outcomes, visual acuity, and adverse events. No restriction will be applied to the date or language. Bibliographies of the included articles will be independently and manually screened by two authors to identify further relevant studies. Eligible studies will be critically appraised by two independent reviewers for methodological quality. A meta-analysis will be performed for the included randomized controlled trials when there are sufficient similarities.
This systematic review has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020175593).
This systematic review has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020175593).
The objective of this review is to assess the safety and effectiveness in administering tranexamic acid in high-risk hip and knee arthroplasty patients.
Arthroplasty surgery is associated with a significant amount of perioperative blood loss. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic used to counteract blood loss. Although various studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of tranexamic acid without significant adverse effects, a majority of these studies have excluded high-risk patients. Due to this selection bias there is a lack of clear evidence of the safety of administering tranexamic acid in high-risk patients.
This review will consider studies that included high-risk patients aged >18 years who had previous myocardial infarction including cardiac stents, deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism, transient ischemic attacks and/or stroke and clotting disorders. No exclusions will be made for the dosing route of tranexamic acid. The outcomes measured will be 1) thromboembolic complications ofindependent reviewers for methodological quality. Study and outcome quality will be reported using the GRADE approach. Data will be extracted using a standardized data extraction tool. Studies will, where possible, be pooled in statistical meta-analysis. Effect sizes will be expressed as either odds ratios (for dichotomous data) or standardized mean differences (for continuous data) and their 95% confidence intervals will be calculated for analysis.
The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators for postoperative pain in comparison to current opioid-centric standard of care in adult surgical patients.
In recent years, opioid pain medications have presented two major problems national shortages triggering a pain management crisis and an increase in opioid related deaths. Opioids also have a variety of untoward side effects, complicating pain management in postoperative individuals. Due to these serious issues, this review will investigate the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as a non-pharmacological means to control postoperative pain.
The review will consider for inclusion all systematic reviews, meta-analyses and research syntheses utilizing transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as a primary means of postoperative pain treatment, or those comparing transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and the current opioid-centric standard of pain management in the treatment of postoperative pain in adult surgical patients.
This umbrella review will consider all published and unpublished literature, limited to the English language only. Sources of data will be Cochrane Library, JBI Evidence Synthesis, CINAHL and PubMed. Unpublished meta-analyses and systematic reviews will be obtained through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, the United States National Library of Medicine, and Open Grey System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe. JBI methodology for study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction and summarizing the data will be utilized to reduce bias and minimize the risk of error in extracting relevant data in the accepted reviews.
Pending.
Pending.
The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of operative versus expectant management on recovery of nerve palsies after pediatric supracondylar fracture of the humerus or after surgery for supracondylar fracture of the humerus.
Supracondylar humerus fractures are the most common fracture of the elbow in children. These fractures have a high risk of complications from both the trauma itself and the treatment. Up to 12% of patients will have associated nerve injury, but there is insufficient information regarding the timing of investigation of and intervention in a persistent nerve palsy. This review aims to summarize the evidence and guide clinicians regarding the timing of investigation and/or surgical intervention for persistent nerve palsies after supracondylar humerus fractures in the pediatric population.
This review will include pediatric patients with ipsilateral upper limb nerve palsy after supracondylar fracture of the humerus or after surgery for a supracondylar fracture of the humerus without preexisting nerve palsies.