Exosomal along with vesiclefree tau seedspropagation and convergence throughout endolysosomal permeabilization

The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation, Shengmai Yin (SMY), is widely applied in cardiovascular disease treatments. However, the pharmacological mechanism of its therapeutic effects has not been fully clarified.
This study aimed to clearly define the efficacy and underlying mechanism of SMY and its active components in protecting against atherosclerosis.
The pharmacological effects of SMY and its components were evaluated upon a mouse hypercholesteremia model induced by a high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks and Apoe
mice, a mouse atherosclerosis model. Pathological indicators including serum cholesterol levels, cytokines and histological changes in aortic root plaques were assessed. Untargeted metabolomic, untargeted lipidomic and targeted lipidomic changing profiles were investigated to clarify pharmacological mechanisms.
SMY and red ginseng crude extracts (GE) significantly decreased the serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesteremia mice and reduced the aortic root plaque areas and exerted antiatherogenic efficacy in Apoe
mice. PEG300 purchase Moreover, total red ginseng saponin extracts (TGS) showed the most apparent improvement on maintaining lipid homeostasis, representing the effects of red ginseng in SMY on atherosclerosis treatment. Mechanically, TGS inhibited serum secreted phospholipase A
(sPLA
) activity and lowered the serum levels of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Our findings revealed that ginsenosides from SMY exerted therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis by maintaining lipid homeostasis including cholesterol and lysoPCs.
Our findings revealed that ginsenosides from SMY exerted therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis by maintaining lipid homeostasis including cholesterol and lysoPCs.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a severe threat for human health worldwide, however, optimal therapeutic options are still developed. Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule (ZL capsule) is mainly composed of Astragalus membranaceus, Leech, Earthworm, Cinnamomum cassia and Sargentodoxa cuneata, having functions of replenishing qi and activating blood, dispelling wind and reducing phlegm. It is an expanded application on the basis of traditional uses of above TCMs, acquiring a satisfactory curative effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases over twenty years.
To comprehensively summarize the main components of ZL capsule, understand the mechanisms of ZL capsule, and conclude clinical regimens of ZL capsule for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
We selected network pharmacology technology to analyze main active compounds and predict underlying mechanism of ZL capsule against atherosclerosis. Molecular docking was performed to simulate the interaction pattern between the le and also provide a basis for sharing the "Chinese patent medicine" for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
For the first time, this systematic review may supply meaningful information for further studies to explore material basis and pharmacodynamics of ZL capsule and also provide a basis for sharing the "Chinese patent medicine" for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
The internal capsule is vulnerable to ischemia, and mild ischemic stroke often results in lesion of the internal capsule, manifested as contralateral hemiplegia. Protocatechudehyde (PCA), a potential neuroprotective agent, has shown therapeutic effects in the study of a variety of nervous system diseases, including ischemic stroke.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PCA on cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CI/R)-elicited internal capsule injury and to elucidate the role of mitochondrial energy metabolism in the underlying mechanism of neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke.
A rat tMCAO model was established to investigate the therapeutic effects of intravenous PCA (20, 40, and 80mg/kg, once per day, continued for 7 days) on CI/R-induced internal capsule injury and the regulation of PCA on molecules related to mitochondrial energy metabolism. In vitro, an OGD/R model of PC12cells was established to further verify the therapeutic mechanism of PCA.
Results showed that PCA dose-dependenl capsule injury and improves mitochondrial energy metabolism in the internal capsule, and the mechanism is associated with the inhibition of HIF1α/PDK1 signaling pathway.
The genus Viscum comprises approximately 100 species that are mainly distributed across Africa, Asia and Europe. The extracts and preparations of Viscum species are widely used as common complementary and alternative medicines in the treatment of rheumatism and cancer.
This review aims to explore the medicinal properties of twelve species belonging to the genus Viscum for potential therapeutic applications.
We collected online information (including PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) from January 1915 to April 2021 and knowledge from classical books on Chinese herbal medicines available for 12 species of the genus Viscum, including Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai, Viscum album L., Viscum articulatum Burm. f., Viscum liquidambaricola Hayata, Viscum ovalifolium DC., Viscum capitellatum Sm., Viscum cruciatum Sieber ex Boiss., Viscum nudum Danser, Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC., Viscum tuberculatum A.Rich., Viscum multinerve Hayata, and Viscum diospyrosicola Hayata.
At least 250 different coivo exposure, and quality control on twelve distinct species of Viscum plants with medicinal properties. The significant safety and efficacy, along with the minor side effects are constantly confirmed in clinics. The genus Viscum is thus an important medicinal resource that is worth exploring and developing in future pharmacological and chemical studies.
This is the first report to systematically review the pharmaceutical development history, chemical composition, clinical evidence, pharmacological activity, discriminated chemical markers, in vivo exposure, and quality control on twelve distinct species of Viscum plants with medicinal properties. The significant safety and efficacy, along with the minor side effects are constantly confirmed in clinics. The genus Viscum is thus an important medicinal resource that is worth exploring and developing in future pharmacological and chemical studies.