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Blood values affected by parity in lactating dairy cows grazing in highland tropical herds included serum calcium levels, red blood cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and total eosinophil counts, whereas blood values affected by season included total leukocyte counts, total and differential lymphocyte counts, serum albumin and globulin concentration, and serum albuminglobulin ratio (P less then 0.05). Data from our study could be used for comparison studies between lactating dairy cows within tropical herds or between tropical and seasonal dairy herds.Early detection of retroviruses including human T-cell lymphotropic virus and human immunodeficiency virus in the human body is indispensable to prevent retroviral infection propagation and improve clinical treatment. Until now, diverse techniques have been employed for the early detection of viruses. Traditional methods are time-consuming, resource-intensive, and laborious performing. Therefore, designing and constructing a selective and sensitive diagnosis system to detect serious diseases is highly demanded. Genetic detection with high sensitivity has striking significance for the early detection and remedy of disparate pathogenic diseases. The nucleic acid biosensors are based on the identification of specific DNA sequences in biological samples. Nanotechnology has an important impact on the development of sensitive biosensors. Different kinds of nanomaterials include nanoparticles, nanoclusters, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, etc., with different properties have been used to improve the performance of biosensors. Recently, DNA nanobiosensors are developed to provide simple, fast, selective, low-cost, and sensitive detection of infectious diseases. In this paper, the research progresses of nano genosensors for the detection of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 viruses, based on electrochemical, optical, and photoelectrochemical platforms are overviewed.Background Human clinical studies reported that several electroencephalographical (EEG) parameters can be used as biomarkers of psychiatric disorders. EEGs recorded from non-human primates (monkeys) is useful for understanding of human pathologies of psychiatric disorders and development of new therapeutic agents. New methods In this study, we expand a previous non-invasive head holding system with face masks for awake monkeys to be applied to scalp EEG recording. The new design of a head holding system allows to attach scalp EEG electrodes on the positions comparable to human electrode placement and to present auditory stimuli. Results With this system, we could record auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in auditory sensory gating and oddball paradigms, which are often used as biomarkers of psychiatric disorders in animal models and human patients. The recorded AEPs were comparable to previous human clinical data. Comparison with existing methods Compared with previous non-invasive head holding systems, top, side (cheek and ears), and rear of the head can be open for attachment of EEG electrodes and auditory stimulation in the present system. Conclusions The results suggest that the present system is useful in EEG recording from awake monkeys. Furthermore, this system can be applied to eye-tracking and chronic intra-cerebral recording experiments.Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Among all the clinical forms in OLP, reticular type has the highest incidence rate. Previous studies have applied metabolomics to investigate the metabolic changes of oral mucosa and blood samples from reticular OLP patients. Urinary metabolomic signatures is also useful in analyzing the pathological changes of the patients, which was a complement to the previous studies. Through these researches, we may have a more comprehensive understanding of the disease. Metabolic profiles of urinary samples from OLP patients and control subjects were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) system. Differentially expressed metabolites were identified via OSI/SMMS software for the pathology analysis. Totally, 30 differentially expressed metabolites were identified. Pathological network showed that these metabolites participated in 8 pathological processes, that is, DNA damage and repair disorder, apoptosis process, inflammatory lesion, oxidative stress injury, carbohydrate metabolism disorder, mood dysfunction, abnormal energy expenditure, and other pathological process. These findings demonstrated that the analysis of human urine metabolome might be conducive to the achievement of the objectives of this study.Purpose To explain the observed radio-protection properties of an azo compound, 2-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-indole-3∕-acetic acid (HPIA). Materials and methods Mechanism of radioprotection by HPIA was attempted using the stable free radical 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) using UV-Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The radical destroying ability of HPIA was studied by depletion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in WI 38 lung fibroblast cells. click here Results & discussion Studies indicate HPIA interacts with radical intermediates formed in solution following irradiation by 60Co γ-rays. As a result, reactive radical intermediates do not cause any damage on chosen substrates like thymine or calf thymus DNA when irradiated in presence of HPIA. The study showed that reactive intermediates not only react with HPIA but that the kinetics of their reaction is definitely faster than their interaction either with thymine or with DNA. Had this not been the case, much more damage would have been observed on chosen substrates following irradiation with 60Co γ-rays, in the presence of HPIA than actually observed in experiments, particularly those that were performed in a relatively high dose. Experiments reveal radiation induced-damage caused to thymine in presence of HPIA was ~ 1 36 to ~ 1 32 times that caused in its absence under different conditions indicating the radio-protection properties of HPIA. In case of calf thymus DNA, damage in presence of HPIA was much lower than in its absence. A fluorometric microplate assay for depletion of ROS by detecting the oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCF-DA) into the highly fluorescent compound 2',7' dichlorofluorescein (DCF) indicated HPIA brought about a considerable check on ROS-mediated damage to cells by scavenging them right away. Conclusion The study indicates HPIA may be an antioxidant supplement during radiotherapy.