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ar sensor that can detect trypanothione. The sensor includes a fluorescent protein, which changes its brightness based on its oxidation state, fused to the tryparedoxin protein. This probe could either be put in the cytosol or mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei cells. Treating the cells with hydrogen peroxide changed the fluorescence of the biosensor. Trypanosoma brucei cells without tryparedoxin protein in their cytosol still responded to an oxidative challenge in the mitochondrion. The experiments reveal that trypanosomes do have a mitochondrial trypanothione system. This new fluorescent biosensor will be used to study how other cellular compartments deal with oxidative conditions. The tests will reveal how different compartments communicate with each other to counteract the stress. The sensor could also be used to determine how anti-parasite drugs affect the cells’ trypanothione system. © 2020, Ebersoll et al.STUDY OBJECTIVES There are few studies evaluating 1. exercise capacity, as assessed by the six minutes walking distance test (6MWD) in large populations with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); 2. correlations with patients' comorbidities. METHODS Cluster analysis on data of 1228 patients. Severity of exercise limitation was defined on the basis of 6MWD. RESULTS Sixty-one % showed exercise limitation (29.2 % and 31.9 % mild and severe exercise limitation, respectively). About 60 and 40 % of patients were included in cluster 1 (CL1) and 2 (CL2), respectively. CL1 included younger patients with high prevalence of apneas, desaturations, hypertension with better exercise tolerance. CL2 included older patients, all COPD, high prevalence of chronic respiratory failure (CRF), less apneas but severe mean desaturation, daytime hypoxemia, more severe exercise limitation and exercise induced desaturations. Only chronic respiratory failure (CRF) and COPD, significantly (p less then 0.001) correlated with 6MWD less then 85% predicted. 6MWD correlated positively with apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, nocturnal SpO₂, resting arterial oxygen tension, mean SpO₂ on exercise, and negatively with age, body-mass index, time spent during night with SpO₂ less then 90%, mean nocturnal desaturation, arterial carbon dioxide tension and number of comorbidities. Patients without had higher exercise capacity than those with severe comorbidities, (p less then 0.001). Exercise limitation was significantly worse in OSA severity class I when compared to other classes (p less then 0.001). learn more CONCLUSIONS High rate of OSA patients suffer from exercise limitation. Older age, comorbidities as COPD and CRF, OSA severity class I, severe mean nocturnal desaturation and daytime hypoxemia are associated with worse exercise tolerance. © 2020 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.OBJECTIVE Few studies have examined association between sleep duration trajectories and hypertension. This study aims to examine association of sleep duration trajectories with risk of hypertension and its related factors. METHODS This study used weight longitudinal data for 7,397 adults who provided valid responses in questionnaire with regard to information of sleep and hypertension from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004-2011). Subgroup analyses were included 5,532 participants who measured hypertension-related factors using blood samples. Latent class trajectory analysis was used to identify different sleep duration trajectories. Multivariate cox regression models and General linear regression models were used to assess association of trajectories with hypertension and its related factors. RESULTS Compared to stable sleep duration around 8 hours, the trajectory showing persist decrease as aging was significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension (HR1.12, 95%CI 1.01-1.24), while no significant association between trajectory showing increase to 9 hours as aging and risk of hypertension was observed (HR1.05, 95%CI 0.93-1.19). Further, uric acid levels, fasting glucose levels, TC levels and Apo-B levels were significantly higher in the trajectory showing persist decrease as aging than the other two trajectories (all P less then 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Decreasing sleep duration as aging is significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension and higher levels of its biomarkers throughout adulthood. © 2020 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.STUDY OBJECTIVES People show a facial recognition speed advantage, termed positive classification advantage (PCA), when judging whether a facial expression is happy compared to angry or sad. This study investigated emotional face recognition by patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS) with impaired neurocognition. METHODS Thirty-four patients with OSAS and 26 healthy control patients who underwent 1 night of polysomnographic evaluation before recruitment were asked to complete an emotion recognition task. Accuracy rates and reaction times were recorded and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS When participants were asked to classify positive (happy) versus negative (sad) emotional expressions, the phenomenon of PCA disappeared. Importantly, however, compared with the control patients who showed PCA, patients with OSAS identified sad faces faster but were similar in happy face processing. CONCLUSION In accordance with previous studies that showed depressive emotion in patients with OSAS, our results indicate that patients with OSAS show negative bias in facial expression recognition, which might lead to decline in ability of social communication. © 2020 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine whether an intensive weight-loss program (IWLP) is effective for reducing weight, the severity of sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and metabolic variables in patients with obesity and severe OSA undergoing continuous positive airway pressure treatment. METHODS 42 patients were randomized to the control (CG,n=20) or the intervention group (IG,n=22), who followed a 12-month IWLP. The primary outcome was a reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) as measured at 3 and 12 months by full polysomnography. Metabolic variables, blood pressure, body fat composition by bioimpedance, carotid intima media thickness and visceral fat by computed tomography scan were also assessed. RESULTS Mean age was 49(6.7) years, body mass index 35(2.7) kg/m² and AHI 69(20) events/h. Weight reduction was higher for the IG than the CG at 3 and 12 months, -10.5 vs -2.3 kg (p less then 0.001), and -8.2 vs -0.1 kg (p less then 0.001), respectively, as was loss of visceral fat at 12 months. AHI decreased more in the IG at 3 months (-23.