Recovery strategies for minimizing habitat fragmentation of your pond hallway

The amination of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole with O-tosylhydroxylamine yielded the nitrogen-rich 1,3,4,5-tetraamino-1,2,4-triazolium cation as its tosylate salt. Subsequent metathesis reactions produced energetic salts with various energetic anions, including perchlorate, nitrate, nitrotetrazolate, and bistetrazolate diolate. All energetic salts possess relatively high heats of formation, thermal sensitivities, and detonation velocities and pressures. The prepared energetic salts were characterized chemically using single-crystal X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis, and 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy and energetically by measuring their thermal, impact, and friction sensitivities. 15N NMR was carried out on the tosylate salt. Energetic performances were determined by a combined experimental-computational method using calculated heats of formation and experimental crystal densities.Apart from the traditional through-bond conjugation (TBC), through-space conjugation (TSC) is gradually proved as another important interaction in photophysical processes, especially for the recent observation of clusteroluminescence from nonconjugated molecules. However, unlike TBC in conjugated chromophores, it is still challenging to manipulate TSC and clusteroluminescence. click here Herein, simple and nonconjugated triphenylmethane (TPM) and its derivatives with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were systematically studied. TPM was characterized with visible clusteroluminescence due to the intramolecular TSC. Experimental and theoretical results showed that the introduction of electron-donating groups into TPM could red-shift the wavelength and increase the efficiency of clusteroluminescence simultaneously, due to the increased electronic density and stabilization of TSC. However, TPM derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups showed inefficient or even quenched clusteroluminescence caused by the vigorous excited-state intramolecular motion and intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer process. This work provides a reliable strategy to manipulate TSC and clusteroluminescence.The layered graphene membrane has high potential for efficient desalination owing to its frictionless surface and hydrophobic nature. However, it has not been demonstrated so far due to the challenges related to controlling membrane microstructure. Herein, we develop a facile and simple thiol-ene click method to prepare a perfluoro-alkyl grafted graphene (fGraphene) membrane on porous ceramic, which features an ultrahigh antiwetting surface, oriented mesoporous surface entrances, and a well-defined interlamellar spacing of ∼1.1 nm. With vacuum membrane distillation, the fGraphene membranes post ∼100% rejections to the small ions of seawater, at least 1 order of magnitude higher water fluxes than those of commercial membranes and graphene-oxide-based membranes, as well as robust stability in the desalination. Fast NaCl desalinations on the fGraphene membrane were also confirmed by the reverse/forward osmosis tests. The complete rejection of ions and high flux are attributed to the interfacial sieving effect over the 2D nanochannels as well as the vapor-phase transport in the mesoscale channels, which is fundamentally different from the solution-diffusion mechanism of dense polymeric membranes and the size-sieving mechanism of microporous membranes. This work not only demonstrates a special separation effect for complete desalination over the layered graphene-based membrane but also offers a reliable method to functionalize and structure graphene membranes for other potential applications.ConspectusThis Account describes a body of research in the design and synthesis of molecular materials prepared from corannulene. Corannulene (C20H10) is a molecular bowl of carbon that can be visualized as the hydrogen-terminated cap of buckminsterfullerene. Due to this structural resemblance, it is often referred to as a buckybowl. The bowl can invert, accept electrons, and form host-guest complexes. Due to these characteristics, corannulene presents a useful building block in materials chemistry.In macromolecular science, for example, assembly of amphiphilic copolymers carrying a hydrophobic corannulene block enables micelle formation in water. Such micellar nanostructures can host large amounts of fullerenes (C60 and C70) in their corannulene-rich core through complementarity of the curved π-surfaces. Covalent stabilization of the assembled structures then leads to the formation of robust water-soluble fullerene nanoparticles. Alternatively, use of corannulene in a polymer backbone allows for the preparatorannulene presents a unique building block in the construction of functional materials. In this Account, we trace our own efforts in the field and point toward the challenges and future prospects of this area of research.Iodide-adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometry (I-CIMS) is a widely used technique in the atmospheric chemistry community to detect oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in real time. In this work, we report the occurrence of secondary ion chemistry from interactions between a strong oxygen donor (such as O3 and peracids) and acidic OVOCs (such as carboxylic acids and organic hydroperoxides) in the ion-molecule reaction (IMR) region of I-CIMS. Such interactions can lead to acidic organic molecules (HA or HB) clustering with [IO]- (e.g., [HA + IO]-) and dimer adducts ([A + B + I]-), in addition to the well-known iodide clusters ([HA + I]-). This ion chemistry was probed using common chemical standards as well as the gas-phase oxidation products of α-pinene and isoprene in a flowtube reactor. The results show that secondary ion chemistry can lead to misinterpretations of molecular compositions and distributions of the gas-phase products and an overestimation of the elemental O/C ratio overall. Nevertheless, the varying degrees of signal change in response to the secondary ion chemistry might be a clue to inform OVOCs' functionalities. Specifically, in the α-pinene ozonolysis system, the extents of ion signal reduction in the presence of additional acids in the IMR suggest that C9H14O4 produced in the gas phase is a peracid, rather than the often-assumed pinic acid. Thus, we suggest that the potential application of the secondary ion chemistry to inform organic functionalities is promising, which could help better understand the molecular compositions of gas-phase OVOCs and the reaction mechanisms therein.