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This increase was attributed to the improved synergistic effects of fog capturing, droplet growing, and droplet shedding. The multilayer VFMs were more efficient in fog harvesting than the single-layer VFMs because of a larger droplet capture area. The fog-harvesting efficiency of two-layer and four-layer polymer VFMs was approximately 35% and about 45% higher than that of the single-layer polymer VFMs, respectively. The four-layer PTFE 3D VFM with the type B PU-SA bump surface (bump/PU-SA) had the highest efficiency of 287.6 mL/m2/h. Besides the high fog-harvesting efficiency, the proposed polymer VFMs are highly stable, cost-effective, rust-free, and easy to install in practical applications. These advantages are ascribed to the elasticity of the polymer filaments. buy Tabersonine This work provides new ideas and methods for developing high-performance fog harvesters such as the 3D VFM.We report a systematic investigation of the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of refractory element-filled nanostructured Co4Sb12 skutterudites. The refractory tantalum (Ta) metal-filled Co4Sb12 samples (Ta x Co4Sb12 (x = 0, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8)) are synthesized using a solid-state synthesis route. All the samples are composed of a single skutterudite phase. Meanwhile, nanometer-sized equiaxed grains are present in the Ta0.2Co4Sb12 and Ta0.4Co4Sb12 samples, and bimodal distributions of equiaxed grains and elongated grains are observed in Ta0.6Co4Sb12 and Ta0.8Co4Sb12 samples. The dominant carrier type changes from electrons (n-type) to holes (p-type) with an increase in Ta concentration in the samples. The power factor of the Ta0.6Co4Sb12 sample is increased to 2.12 mW/mK2 at 623 K due to the 10-fold reduction in electrical resistivity. The lowest lattice thermal conductivity observed for Ta0.6Co4Sb12 indicates the rattling action of Ta atoms and grain boundary scattering. Rietveld refinement of XRD data and the analysis of lattice thermal conductivity data using the Debye model confirm that Ta occupies at the voids as well as the Co site. The figure of merit (ZT) of ∼0.4 is obtained in the Ta0.6Co4Sb12 sample, which is comparable to single metal-filled p-type skutterudites reported to date. The thermoelectric properties of the refractory Ta metal-filled skutterudites might be useful to achieve both n-type and p-type thermoelectric legs using a single filler atom and could be one of replacements of the rare earth-filled skutterudites with improved thermoelectric properties.In this work, expanded vermiculite (EVM) was modified by acid leaching with different concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mol/L) of HCl solution to obtain three kinds of acid-modified EVM (AEVM-1, AEVM-2, and AEVM-3, respectively). In the composite, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was served as a phase change material (PCM), while EVM and AEVM were served as supporting matrixes. Then, graphite was served as an additive to enhance thermal conductivity, and a series of shape-stabilized composite PCMs (PEG/EVM, PEG/AEVM-1, PEG/AEVM-2, PEG/AEVM-3, and PEG-C/AEVM-3 ss-CPCMs) were prepared by physical impregnation. The latent heats of PEG/AEVM-3 and PEG-C/AEVM-3 in the melting process were 154.8 and 144.7 J/g, respectively, which increased by 22.7 and 14.7%, respectively, compared with that of PEG/EVM, indicating that acid modification effectively enhanced the heat storage capacity. The thermal conductivity of PEG-C/AEVM-3 was 0.43 W/mK, which was 65.4 and 48.3% higher than that of PEG and PEG/EVM, respectively. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and the thermal cycle test indicated that PEG-C/AEVM-3 reflected favorable chemical stability, thermal stability, and thermal reliability. Therefore, the prepared PEG-C/AEVM-3 with high latent heat and acceptable thermal conductivity was a promising composite PCM in the field of building energy storage.A portion of the lime mud formed during the causticizing process in the recovery process of kraft pulping should be purged from the calcium cycle as waste before it is fed to the lime kiln; this ensures that the quality of the pulp and pulping chemicals is maintained. The discharged greenish-gray lime mud, which is often disposed as an industrial waste, has been transformed herein into a high-quality papermaking filler via the hybrid calcium carbonate (HCC) and post-HCC (pHCC) technology. Initially, the lime mud was heat-treated and then ground to small-size particles. The ground lime mud was preflocculated with calcium oxide by ionic polymers, and carbon dioxide was injected to the flocs to produce lime mud HCC (LHCC). To produce lime mud pHCC (pLHCC), only the ground lime mud was preflocculated first, calcium oxide was added next, and finally, carbon dioxide was injected to the flocs. The resultant products, LHCC and pLHCC, gave brightness as high as that of the ground calcium carbonate (GCC) in paper while a little higher brightness for pLHCC than for LHCC. They also enabled to increase bulk, stiffness, and tensile strength. Application of the LHCC and pLHCC technology to the lime mud could save waste disposal expenses and produce better-quality paper.In the present work, an efficient and stable WO X /MCM-41 solid acid catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method. The characterization of powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms confirmed that the impregnation amount and calcination temperature of WO X speciation affected the dispersity and acidity of the resulting catalyst. This WO X /MCM-41 solid acid catalyst was subsequently applied in the ketalization reaction of glycerol and acetone to produce solketal. By catalyst screening and reaction condition optimization, WO X /MCM-41 obtained by impregnating 20 wt % and calcining at 350 °C exhibited the highest solketal yield and catalytic stability.The ZnO-based ternary heterostructure ZnO/Eu2O3/NiO nanoparticles are synthesized using waste curd as fuel by a simple one-pot combustion method. The as-synthesized heterostructure is characterized by using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including X-ray diffraction, UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, and TEM analyses. The photocatalytic activity of the ternary nanocomposite was tested for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under solar light irradiation. The results have revealed that the ternary ZnO/Eu2O3/NiO photocatalyst exhibits excellent performance toward the photocatalytic degradation of the studied dye. Optimization studies revealed that the synthesized heterostructure exhibited a pH-dependent photocatalytic activity, and better results are obtained for specific concentrations of dye and catalysts. Among the different light sources employed during the study, the catalyst was found to possess the best degradation efficiency in visible light.