Symmetrical and uneven service involving hematopoietic base cells

The purpose of this work was to assess the effect of different packaging methods on the shelf life and bacterial communities of roast duck meat. Samples were packaged under the following five conditions overwrapped packaging (OWP), 100% N2 (100% N2-MAP), 30% CO2/70% N2 (30% CO2-MAP), 50% CO2/50% N2 (50% CO2-MAP), and 0.4% CO/30% CO2/69.6% N2 (CO-MAP). Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were monitored during 14 days of chilled storage (0-4 °C). Results showed that MAP samples obtained higher and more stable redness, better sensory scores, and lower lipid oxidation, compared with OWP, in which CO-MAP samples had the lowest TBARS values (0.13-0.22 MDA/kg) during storage. Moreover, 30% CO2-MAP, 50% CO2-MAP, and CO-MAP effectively retarded the onset of bacterial spoilage and extended shelf life by 7 days compared with 100% N2-MAP and OWP treatments. Additionally, bacterial succession was significantly affected by the gas composition used in the packages, especially the dominant biota at the end of storage, which played an important role in the spoilage of roast duck meat under specific packaging. On day 14, Pseudoalteromonas spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. became the most predominate genera in OWP, 100% N2-MAP, and 50% CO2-MAP, respectively. Notably, Vibrio spp. was dominant in both 30% CO2-MAP and CO-MAP, indicating 0.4% CO did not exert a further inhibitory effect on this genus. Additionally, the growth inhibition of Pseudoalteromonas spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Leuconostoc spp. by high CO2 concentration might be the reason for MAP (CO2/N2) samples having lower levels of TVC. Globally, these results indicate that 30% CO2-MAP, 50% CO2-MAP, and CO-MAP are promising packaging methods to improve roast duck meat quality and achieve shelf life extension.The Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) is a zooplanktivorous fish with its main summer feeding grounds in the waters around Iceland. The zooplankton in the stomachs of the caught fish causes several problems during processing due to the high enzyme activity of the zooplankton. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical characteristics of zooplankton that accompanies mackerel as a side-catch and stomach fullness as affected by catching year, season, catching zone, and catching method over three mackerel seasons from 2016 to 2018. Species identification by the fatty acid tropic marker method (FATM) was also applied within the zooplankton rich side-stream. FATM analysis indicated that the majority of the zooplankton mass belonged to Calanus finmarchicus. The lipid composition of the zooplankton rich side-stream varied between years but was rich in monounsaturated, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The results suggest that the zooplankton rich side-stream from mackerel caught in Icelandic waters has the potential for further sustainable processing into valuable nutrients.Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause serious infections, especially in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised people. CC-92480 order Dehydrated infant foods are the main vehicle associated with infections caused by these bacteria. Thus, this study aims to investigate the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in 152 commercial samples of dehydrated infant formulas (77 samples) and dehydrated infant cereals (75 samples), as well as characterize the isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) methods for isolate identification were used, and their results compared. Furthermore, the susceptibility to 11 antibiotics was tested, and DNA sequencing of one isolate with multi-drug resistance was analyzed. No contamination in the infant formula samples was found, whereas 17.33% (13/75) of the infant cereal samples presented contamination with Cronobacter sakazakii. The identification results by PCR and MALDI-TOF/MS were divergent for some isolates. The antimicrobial resistance results showed a high incidence of resistance to cefazolin (94.4%) besides resistance to amoxicillin (9.45%), cefpodoxime (5.55%), streptomycin (1.35%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.35%). Whole genome sequencing of one multi-drug resistant isolate showed six genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and an 82% possibility of being a human pathogen based on the presence of virulence factors. The presence of Cronobacter spp. in infant foods represents a risk for the infant's health. Moreover, the presence of a pathogenic multi-drug resistant isolate in infant's food reinforces the necessity of improving food safety policies to protect young children.Synthesis of nanocomplexes is a simple and low-cost technique for the production of encapsulation systems aiming industrial applications, based on the interaction of at least two oppositely charged molecules. Gellan gum (anionic) is a water-soluble biopolymer resistant to stomach pH conditions, therefore an interesting alternative as an encapsulating matrix. Chitosan (cationic) is also widely used due to its biocompatibility and mucoadhesive properties, although its low water solubility is an important step to be overcome for the production of the complexes. To improve this property, many techniques have been employed, but most of them use unsustainable techniques and chemical agents. The enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan using proteases emerges as an alternative to these drawbacks and, therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the electrostatic nanocomplexation of native (C) or hydrolyzed (HC) chitosan (by porcine pepsin protease) with gellan gum (G). Polysaccharides and nanocomplexes formed with different GC or GHC ratio were evaluated by zeta potential measurements, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), intrinsic viscosity and turbidity analyses. Chitosan hydrolysis allowed the formation of a smaller (445.3 nm in pH 4.5) and more soluble structure (3 kDa), which positively influenced the formation of the complexes. The ratios GHC of 73 and 82 formed complexes with lower values of zeta potential (13.9 mV and -5.0 mV, respectively), particle size (635.8 nm and 533.6 nm, respectively) and polydispersity (0.28 and 0.23) compared to complexes formed with native chitosan. Overall, our results show that enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan favored the formation of electrostatic complexes with reduced size and low polydispersity, which can be used as efficient encapsulating matrices for improved targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive compounds.