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The results obtained indicate a considerable agreement between the experimental data and predictions of the diffusion-reaction and the general models for long times, however, some deviations were exhibited at the initial stages of the permeation process. It is considered, that the discrepancies originate from a specific penetrant behaviour at the interfaces, which violates boundary transfer schemes classically employed for the mass transport phenomena quantification. Moreover, an additional mixing process taking place close to the interface related to the liquid flow driven by the surface tension gradients (so-called classic and thermal Marangoni effect) could play a still underestimated role in the trans-interfacial mass transport.In this study, a complete two dimensional (internal coordinates) population balance model (2D-PBM) is developed, calibrated and validated as a predictive tool for predicting the particle size and the liquid content distribution of the granules produced from twin screw granulation (TSG). The model is calibrated and validated using experimental distributions for the two internal coordinates that are captured using image processing. Granulation runs are conducted at multiple liquid to solid (L/S) ratios and liquid binder viscosities, and then used to calibrate and validate the 2D-PBM. The mathematical model accounts for aggregation and breakage of the particles occurring in three zones of the TSG with inhomogeneous screw configurations (2 conveying zones and 1 kneading zone). A Madec aggregation kernel, and a linear breakage selection function are used in the 2D-PBM and finite volume numerical approximation is used for solving the model. The calibrated model shows that the aggregation rate in the conveying elements is higher than in the kneading elements while the breakage rate in the kneading elements is much higher than in the conveying elements. Also, the increase in L/S ratio and liquid viscosity leads to higher aggregation rates and lower breakage rates.Intake of probiotics is associated with many health benefits, which has generated an interest in formulating viable probiotic supplements. The present study had two aims. The first aim was to achieve gastrointestinal protection and delayed release of viable probiotics by pelletizing and coating freeze-dried probiotic strains, using riboflavin as a marker for release. The second aim was to set up a dynamic three-step in vitro model simulating the conditions in the human gastric, duodenum/jejunum and ileum compartments using physiologically relevant media to evaluate delayed release of the formulations. To simulate lowered MAPK inhibitor in the ileum area of the gastrointestinal tract, a novel method using the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine to lower bile acid concentrations in the small intestinal medium to physiologically relevant levels was attempted. Granulation, extrusion and spheronization was used to develop pellets containing viable probiotics using freeze-dried Lactobacullus reuteri as a model strain. Fluid bed coating the pellets with the pH-sensitive polymers Eudragit S100 or Eudragit FS30D resulted in targeted release in the ileum step of the three-step in vitro model based on release of the marker riboflavin.Here, we surveyed the usage of MoO3 nanostructure in role of a photosensitizer to eradicate glioma cells. This is the first endeavor upon survey of usage of nanostructured MoO3 to treat glioma in vitro. Here, we offer a simple way for preparation of bioactive MoO3 nanostructure via two different routes; wet chemical and microwave. The influence of diverse experimental factors like various alcoholic solvents and presence of capping agent was investigated on the final properties of synthesized products. Dimension and morphology of inorganic molybdenum trioxide nanostructures checked with TEM, HRTEM and also SEM images. Moreover, the cytotoxicity effect of optimized MoO3 nanoparticles was investigated on T98 and A172 cell lines. Both T98 and A172 cell lines indicated dose-dependent manner in the presence of increasing concentration of MoO3 nanostructures, but T98 cells were less sensitive to MoO3 in comparison with A172. #link# Anti-glioma role of MoO3 nanostructures excited with the aid of UVC illumination studied in vitro as well. By studying the UV exposure lonely, it is evident that UV effects on cell viability about 50% in both cell lines after 24 h. Interestingly, by combining nanostructured MoO3 with UVC illumination, decrement in the proliferation value could be remarkably occurred in comparison with controls. The outcomes denote that the photodynamic therapy with the help of nanostructured MoO3 may be beneficial to treat glioma.Formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs with mesoporous silica has become a thriving field of pharmaceutics. The theoretical critical pore diameter has been introduced as a maximum value below which an undesired drug crystallization is suppressed by spatial confinement. Currently, only few values have been reported and study of fast crystallising drugs is missing especially at relevant storage temperatures. This study investigated the critical pore diameter of three model drugs with a poor glass-forming ability (i.e. haloperidol, carbamazepine and benzamide) using different mesoporous carriers (Parteck® SLC 500, Neusilin® US2, Syloid® XDP 3050 and Aeroperl® 300 Pharma) and subsequently monitored physical formulation stability over three months by X-ray powder diffraction. The selected drugs showed clear differences in their estimated critical pore diameters, whereas a temperature dependence was barely relevant for pharmaceutical storage conditions. Superior stability was noted for the formulations containing benzamide in line with its predicted relatively large critical pore diameter of 29.5 nm. Contrarily, impaired physical stability depending on drug loading was observed in the case of haloperidol representing a compound with a rather small critical pore diameter (8.4 nm). These findings confirm the importance of estimating the critical pore diameter, especially for poor glass-forming drugs.