Underneath the Lid Bone Muscles Determining factors associated with Endurance Efficiency

Furthermore, BGL12 from the cuttings of Juglans was overexpressed in Populus alba × P. glandulosa. Accelerated ARF and increased number of ARs were observed in the transgenic poplars. These results provide a high-resolution atlas of gene activity during ARF and help to uncover the regulatory modules associated with the ARF promoted by rejuvenation.The evolutionary transition from outcross-fertilization to self-fertilization is one of the most common in angiosperms and is often associated with a parallel shift in floral morphological and developmental traits, such as reduced flower size and pollen to ovule ratios, known as the 'selfing syndrome'. How these convergent phenotypes arise, the extent to which they are shaped by selection, and the nature of their underlying genetic basis are unsettled questions in evolutionary biology. The genus Collinsia (Plantaginaceae) includes seven independent transitions from outcrossing or mixed mating to high selfing rates accompanied by selfing syndrome traits. Accordingly, Collinsia represents an ideal system for investigating this parallelism, but requires genomic resource development. We present a high quality de novo genome assembly for the highly selfing species C. rattanii. To begin addressing the basis of selfing syndrome developmental shifts, we evaluate and contrast patterns of gene expression from floral transcriptomes across three stages of bud development for C. rattanii and its outcrossing sister species C. linearis. Relative to C. linearis, total gene expression is less variable among individuals and bud stages in C. rattanii. In addition, there is a common pattern among differentially expressed genes lower expression levels that are more constant across bud development in C. rattanii relative to C. linearis. Transcriptional regulation of enzymes involved in pollen formation specifically in early bud development may influence floral traits that distinguish selfing and outcrossing Collinsia species through pleiotropic functions. Future work will include additional Collinsia outcrossing-selfing species pairs to identify genomic signatures of parallel evolution.
Access to large-scale genomics and transcriptomics data from various tissues and cell lines allowed the discovery of wide-spread alternative splicing events and alternative promoter usage in mammalians. Between human and mouse, gene-level orthology is currently present for nearly 16k protein-coding genes spanning a diverse repertoire of over 200k total transcript isoforms.
Here, we describe a novel method, ExTraMapper, which leverages sequence conservation between exons of a pair of organisms and identifies a fine-scale orthology mapping at the exon and then transcript level. ExTraMapper identifies more than 350k exon mappings, as well as 30k transcript mappings between human and mouse using only sequence and gene annotation information. We demonstrate that ExTraMapper identifies a larger number of exon and transcript mappings compared to previous methods. Further, it identifies exon fusions, splits, and losses due to splice site mutations, and finds mappings between microexons that are previously missed. By reanalysis of RNA-seq data from 13 matched human and mouse tissues, we show that ExTraMapper improves the correlation of transcript-specific expression levels suggesting a more accurate mapping of human and mouse transcripts. We also applied the method to detect conserved exon and transcript pairs between human and rhesus macaque genomes to highlight the point that ExTraMapper is applicable to any pair of organisms that have orthologous gene pairs.
The source code and the results are available at https//github.com/ay-lab/ExTraMapper and http//ay-lab-tools.lji.org/extramapper.
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.The identification of genes conferring salt tolerance is important to reveal plant salt tolerance mechanism. Here, we employed yeast expression system combined with high-throughput-sequencing to identify genes conferring salt tolerance from Tamarix hispida. Totally, 1,224 potential genes conferring salt tolerance were identified. Twenty-one genes were randomly selected for functional characterization using transient transformation in T. hispida and stable transformation in Arabidopsis. More than 90% of studied genes are found to confer tolerance to salt stress, indicating that the identified genes are reliable. More than 75% of the identified genes were highly expressed in roots rather than in leaves, suggesting roots play important role in salt tolerance. The genes belonging to 'response to stimulus' were highly accumulated that accounted for 32% of the total identified genes. Additionally, the processes of 'protein translation', 'osmotic adjustment', 'scavenging of free radicals', 'photosynthesis, detoxification of cells', 'protection of cellular macromolecules', and 'maintenance of cellular pH' play important roles in salt tolerance. This study provides useful information on the salt-tolerance mechanism of T. hispida and offers a valuable resource for exploring genes used in salt-tolerance breeding.Nitrogen (N) is one of the major nutrients limiting plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems. To avoid plant-microbe competition, previous studies on plant N uptake preference often used hydroponic experiments on fine roots of seedlings and demonstrated ammonium preference for conifer species; however, we lack information about N uptake and translocation in the field. In this paper, we described a method of in situ paired 15N labeling and reported rates and the time course of N uptake and translocation by mature trees in situ. We added 15N-enriched ammonium or nitrate, together with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide, to paired Larix kaempferi (larch) trees from 30-, 40-, and 50-year-old plantations. MSA-2 purchase Fine roots, coarse roots, leaves, and small branches were collected 2, 4, 7, 14 and 30 days after labeling. Nitrate uptake and translocation averaged 1.59 ± 0.16 μg 15N g-1 d-1, slightly higher than ammonium (1.08 ± 0.10 μg 15N g-1 d-1), in all tree organs. Nitrate contributed 50% to 78% to N uptake and translocation, indicating efficient nitrate use by larch in situ.