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This study examined whether professional footballers with previous biceps femoris long head (BFLH) injury in the last 3-years present a smaller proximal aponeurosis (Apo-BFLH) size compared to footballers with no previous injury. We examined the Apo-BFLH and BFLH size using magnetic resonance imaging and tested the knee flexor maximal isometric strength in 80 thighs of 40 footballers. Apo-BFLH size parameters were processed using a semi-automated procedure. Outcomes were compared between thighs with (n=9) vs. without (n=71) previous BFLH injury. No differences were observed between injured and non-injured thighs for the Apo-BFLH and BFLH size parameters (p>0.05) except for Apo-BFLH volume, which was higher in the non-injured thighs of athletes with previous injury (3692.1±2638.4 mm3, p less then 0.006) compared to the left (2274.1±798.7 mm3) thighs of athletes without previous injury. A higher knee flexor isometric strength was observed in the injured limb of athletes with previous BFLH injury (196.5±31.9 Nm, p less then 0.003) compared to the left (156.2±31.4 Nm) and right (160.0±31.4 Nm) thighs of non-injured athletes. The present results suggest that BFLH proximal aponeurosis size should not be considered as an independent risk factor for strain injury. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Increasing evidence has demonstrated an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with PA compared to those with essential hypertension (EH), including atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent arrhythmia among adults that is associated with an elevated risk of subsequent cerebro-cardiovascular adverse events. The mechanisms of increased prevalence of AF in PA patients are complex. Excessive aldosterone production is regarded to be a key component in the pathogenesis of AF, in addition to arterial hypertension and electrolyte imbalance. In addition, several translational and clinical studies have reported that structural remodeling with atrial fibrosis and electrical remodeling with arrhythmogenicity induced by an excess of aldosterone also play major roles in AF genesis. Clinical studies from several registries and meta-analysis have reported an increased prevalence and risk of AF in PA patients compared to EH patients. Recent trials have further demonstrated a reduction in the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) after adrenalectomy, while the results of medical treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been inconsistent. This review outlines the current evidence of the relationship between PA and AF, and highlights recent progress in the management of PA with regards to the development of AF. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.The CYP11B2 enzyme is the terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of aldosterone. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CYP11B2 defines cells of the adrenal ZG that synthesize aldosterone. CYP11B2 expression is normally stimulated by angiotensin II, but becomes autonomous in primary hyperaldosteronism, in most cases driven by recently discovered somatic mutations of ion channels or pumps. Cells expressing CYP11B2 in young normal humans form a continuous band beneath the adrenal capsule; in older individuals they form discrete clusters, aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCC), surrounded by non-aldosterone producing cells in the outer layer of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone-producing adenomas may exhibit a uniform or heterogeneous expression of CYP11B2. APCC frequently persist in the adrenal with an aldosterone-producing adenoma suggesting autonomous CYP11B2 expression in these cells as well. selleck chemicals llc This was confirmed by finding known mutations that drive aldosterone production in adenomas in the APCC of clinically normal people. Unilateral aldosteronism may also be due to multiple CYP11B2-expressing nodules of various sizes or a continuous band of hyperplastic ZG cells expressing CYP11B2. Use of CYP11B2 antibodies to identify areas for sequencing has greatly facilitated the detection of aldosterone-driving mutations. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.in English, German HINTERGRUND  Fragebögen ermöglichen die subjektive Bewertung des Hörens durch Patienten. Seit 2012 ist der APHAB-Fragebogen Bestandteil der Qualitätssicherungsvereinbarung (QSV) bei einer Hörgeräteversorgung (HGV) zwischen der Kassenärztlichen Bundesvereinigung (KBV) und dem Spitzenverband der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen. Die Verwendung der vereinbarten Formel zur Errechnung des Verbesserungsquotienten bewertet schlechte HGV überproportional gegenüber guten, was in der Gesamtbetrachtung zu Verzerrungen führt. Die bisherige Formel wurde in dieser Studie mit 2 Alternativen in ihrer Auswirkung verglichen. METHODE  Anhand von 6861 Datensätzen von Patienten mit einer nach der HMR erfolgreich abgeschlossenen HGV aus einer APHAB-Datenbank wurden die Ergebnisse des Versorgungserfolgs des bisherigen Verbesserungsquotienten (A) mit denen eines alternativen (B) verglichen, der nach einer neuentwickelten Formel berechnet wurde. Zudem wurden die Ergebnisse nach A und B mit dem bisher ebenfalls schon außerhalb des QSV verwendeten kumulierten Gesamtnutzens verglichen. ERGEBNISSE  Der Mittelwert lag für A für die Fälle mit negativem Gesamtnutzen bei –29,02 % (SD ± 47,94) bei einem Minimum von –637,93 %, für B bei –13,42 % (SD ± 13,14) bei einem Minimum von –78,63. Bei den Berechnungen der Verbesserungsquotienten mit positivem Gesamtnutzen unterschieden sich die Verbesserungsquotienten A und B nur geringfügig. Der durchschnittliche APHAB-Score (EC-, BN- und RV-Subskala) betrug 50,70 vor und 29,29 nach einer HGV, der durchschnittliche Gesamtnutzen lag bei 21,41. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG  Der Verbesserungsquotient B vermeidet das in A intrinsisch angelegte Verzerrungspotenzial zugunsten der Fälle, in denen durch die Patienten im APHAB ein negativer subjektiver Nutzen im Rahmen einer HGV angegeben wird. Sinnvoll wäre es, im Rahmen einer weiterentwickelten QSV sowohl den hier neu vorgestellten Verbesserungsquotienten B als auch den kumulierten Gesamtnutzen zu verwenden.